Give Children the Vote? I Vote No Essay -- Essay Critique Children Vot

turn over Children the Vote? What I suggest is that children be offered to grow into their own right to vote at whatever rate suits them individually, argues Vita Wallace as her major claim in the essay Give children the vote (1998, p.147). This is a thoughtful inclination by Wallace, but I disagree with it. In this essay, Wallace presents her opinion, but the major claim could also be presented as a fact, judgment, or policy (McFadden, 2003). Throughout the essay, I see the enkindle approach Wallace takes to try convince the audience. In my opinion she is unsuccessful.Wallaces major claim, giving children the vote, is a good one and something many kids cringe about these days. She presents this argument in defense of kids, including herself, which she feels are being discriminated against. Wallace was home schooled, so she believes children should not be punished for choosing not to attend school. She continues saying, Learning about discriminatory laws preventing senior high school dropouts from getting their drivers licenses (1998, p.145) made her think about the unfair treatment of kids. Realizing all the rights children miss out on, Wallace counsellinges on the right to vote. She was 16 when she wrote this essay and feels ready to vote. In fact she states, I think I would not have voted until I was eight or nine, but perhaps if I had known I could vote I would have taken an interest sooner (1998, p.147). The qualifiers also play a big role in Give children the vote. A qualifier is a word or two that modifies the claim (McFadden, 2003). Wallace does a good job with the qualifiers, and makes the claim stand out a petty(a) better. Wallaces major claim, again, is children should have the right to vote. But ... ...-election depends on the well-being of the voters (1998, p.146). Here, again, she uses a statement that has no evidence and more importantly, doesnt even focus on the issue of kids voting.Wallace has worthwhile ideas, but I bel ieve she needs to develop her research methods and legitimate arguments. Unfortunately, she uses her own examples, reasoning, and analysis to argue for the claim to allow kids to vote. Credible sources or harder evidence might be more useful in Wallaces case. ReferencesClark, I. L. (1998). The genre of argument. Boston Thompson-HeinleMcFadden, J. (Sept. 12 & 14, 2003). The toulmin method From classical logical system to modern argumentation. Lecture. Buena Vista University. Storm Lake, IA.Wallace, V. (1998). Give children the vote. The genre of argument. Ed. Irene L. Clark. Boston Thompson-Heinle. p.145-48

Biography of Karl Marx Essay -- Biographies Karl Marx Essays

Biography of Karl Marx Only in the course of the worlds history can a person born over a hundred years ago be as famous today as they were back then. Karl Marx is one person that fits this category. He paved the way for citizenry of the same political background as his own. Marxs ideas were unique and started uproar all over Europe. Marx helped write the Communist Manifesto one of the near authorised pieces of literature on Communism ever written. At one time masses feared Communism as a power, which prompted Marx to write the Communist Manifesto and exempt his ideas. How Communism should be used as type of government. He was seen as kind of an outlaw, having to move from country to country to avoid troubles with the local governments. Karl Marx truly had a different view of how government should be run. His view was that the government should run everything that way there would be no rich and no poor, everything would be equal. He believed that the only way to make peop les lives more bearable was too eliminate classes and give everyone a fair chance at life this was his view of Communism. Marx believed this because he saw classes as an evil creation, and that the gap was just widening between the rich and the poor. Take away a materialistic ideals and no one forget be better off than someone else everything will be equal. Karl Marx was born in Moselle, Germany on May 15, 1818 into a middle class home. On both(prenominal) sides of Marxs family was a long line of Rabbis. But the only way for his father to keep his job as a lawyer in Trier, Germany was to be baptized as a Protestant. He had no choice but to go along with this so that he could still be one of the most respected lawyers in Trier. When Karl Marx was 17 he enrol... ...e poor and suffering. Revolutions started from what he preached, but he never had an easy life. That is part of the reason why he is such(prenominal) an important figure because he believed in his ideas so strongly th at he would give his life for his cause. Although he meant well no one has ever thrived below such a government. But Marx is still is important in history for the way he thought and how he changed the way people thought. He influenced people but classes are still around today.Works CitedCoser, Lewis A. Marxist Thought in the first Quarter of the 20th Century University of New York. Page 2. Kries, Steven. The archives Guide Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History Karl Marx 1818-1883. Aug 7 2000 Copyright 2000. Quotes from the Philosopher Karl Marx. http//www.philosophy.about.com/homework/philosophy/library/blqmarx.htmMar. 10 2002.

Essay examples --

The main purpose of the article is to take a look at previously conducted research from the years 2000-2012, on the effectiveness of medicine discourse programs. The main population of this research focuses in on prisoners, parolees, and probationers. The research suggested that those who were actively participating in cognitive-behavioral therapy, medicine courts, and therapeutic communities had lower rates of drug use then those who did not receive these treatments. Researchers also conducted that effective treatment programs have these things going for them, emphasis on high-risk offenders, provided strong inducements to receive treatment, triple interventions in the same time frame, intense treatment provided, and finally include aftercare. This article ties in perfectly with our research topic of the effectiveness of Narcotics Anonymous treatment programs. We will focus in more in depth at the numbers associated with this article to provide a full understanding of our resear ch. Chen, Gila. 2006. Social Support, spectral Program, and Addiction Recovery. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. 50(3) 306-323.The author, social science researcher and lecturer at Bar-Ilan University, Gila Chen, PhD., focuses on the personal and emotional adjustments of inmates, who are acquire from substance addiction/abuse and who participated in a therapeutic intervention programs. There were two groups to her research one group went through social concord program that included spiritual factors (Narcotics Anonymous meetings with the 12-step course) while the other group went through a primarily social support program (Narcotics Anonymous meetings without the 12-step course). She had hypothesized that those w... ...statistical techniques.Regarding oppugn one for retention, the correlation was close to zero. For commitment, data suggested that individuals with higher levels of religiosity possessed higher levels of commitment to treatmen t. Overall, data indicates a weak to moderate relationship between religiosity and treatment outcomes. However, in some programs religiosity affiliation could be viewed as a positive re consultation whereas in other programs religiosity was a hindrance to recovery. For question two, data indicates that religiosity can be an effective resource to enhance retention if the clientele viewed religion as an important source to treatment recovery. For question three, data suggested that program religious emphasis was not cogitate to retention. For commitment to treatment, level of program religious emphasis was significantly related to positive outcomes.

American Transformation, 1800-1890 Essays -- collapse of colonialism, n

OverviewWhat major political changes did Western Hemisphere nations face in the nineteenth century? (The Earth and Its Peoples, 633)The collapse of colonialism created various challenges for the bran-newly free nations of the Western Hemisphere, in the 19th century. The rise of Personalist leaders, resurgence of Native American resistance, and in-migration all affected the political environments of North and South America during that time. Young nations like The linked States, Argentina, and Brazil found it difficult to manage themselves under their new constitutions. Regional separations and movements for womens and black rights added to this difficulty, creating new political groups and questioning national identity.Perhaps the most significant political change in the 19th century, the regionalization of occidental states challenged the growth of their respective identities. As Bulliet says, after independence, new national g everywherenments were generally weaker than the c olonial governments they replaced. In Spanish America, initiatives like Gran Columbia failed because of debate over economic policy, power struggles, and other interprovincial conflict. The lands of New Spain (1521-1821) were wide and varied, and many of the natives never desired to live under such a flag to begin with. This was illustrated with the class War, a string of many battles that were waged between the Maya and the Spanish over rights and land in the Yucatn area of Mexico, starting in 1847. Regionalism also affected the United States. The size and composition of states influenced the drafting of the constitution. The smaller states, along the East Coast, feared that their say would be repressed by larger states. The states and western territori... ...ves are as liable for their oppression as those who oppress them. The third resolution voices, the servile submission and quiet indifference of the Women of this country are the fruit either of ignorance or degradat ion. This seems quite a logical, although, from what Ive read, I think it was a combination of the two. Through the words of these resolutions, I can see the precursors to the feminist movement of the 60s.When learning about the reception of these resolutions by the constitutional convention, part of me isnt surprised, given the prevailing views at the time another part of me is shocked that these men can evidently ignore the wrongs that have been so clearly laid out in front of them. It reminds me that we have wrongs that are allowed in todays society, which may be more subtle, but no less important, and are ignored by our representatives.

Managed Health Care Issues Essay -- Health Care, Utilization Managemen

When one examines managed health c ar and the hospitals that provide the do, a degree of stochastic variable is found in the treatment and care of their patients. This variation brook be between hospitals or even between medicos within a health care network. For managed care companies the variation whitethorn be beneficial. This may provide them with opportunities to save money when it comes to paying for their policy holders care, however this large variation may also be detrimental to the insurance policy company. This would fall into the category of management of utilization, if hospitals and managed care organizations can control treatment utilization, they can control premium costs for both themselves and their customers (Rodwin 1996). If health care organizations can implement prevention as a way to warrant good health with their consumers, insurance companies can also illuminate unnecessary health care. These are just a few examples of how the health care industr y can help benefit their patients, but that does not mean every issue involving physician over utilization or quality of care is erased because there is a management mechanism set in place.With the high degree of variations in health care, patients can be under or over treated or even treated with the wrong treatment for their illness. These unwarranted care techniques can be categorized into three different situations. The first category of unwarranted care is the use of evidence or lack thereof, based on other health check care. The way to explain this category is that a care plan for a patient is proven effective without any proof as to why. The example habituated by Kongstvedt (2007) is the use of beta blockers post heart attack. Beta blockers prove to be effective in nearly one h... ...rnational Journal for Quality in Health Care, 14(1), 5-13.Jacobson, P. (1999, July/August). Legal challenges to managed care cost containment programs an intital assessment. Courts & Managed C are, 69-85. Kongstvedt, P. R. (2007). Essentials of managed health care. Sudbury, Mass Jones and Bartlett. McGlynn, E, Asch, S, Adams, J, Keesey, J, & Hicks, J. (2003). The quality of health care delivered to adults in the united states. The New England Journal of Medicine, 248(26), 2635-2645.Rodwin, M. (1996). Consumer protection and managed care issues, reform proposals, and trade-offs. Houston Law Review, 32(1319), 1319-1381Starfield, B, Cassady, C, Nanda, J, Forrest, C, & Berk, R. (1998). Consumer experiences and provider perceptions of the quality of primary care implications for managed care. The Journal of Family Practice, 46(3), 216-226.

Managed Health Care Issues Essay -- Health Care, Utilization Managemen

When one examines managed health sustainment and the hospitals that provide the care, a pointedness of variation is found in the interposition and care of their patients. This variation can be between hospitals or even between physicians within a health care network. For managed care companies the variation whitethorn be beneficial. This may provide them with opportunities to save money when it comes to paying for their policy holders care, however this large variation may also be detrimental to the insurance company. This would fall into the category of management of utilization, if hospitals and managed care organizations can control treatment utilization, they can control premium costs for both themselves and their customers (Rodwin 1996). If health care organizations can implement prevention as a way to warrant good health with their consumers, insurance companies can also illuminate redundant health care. These are just a few examples of how the health care industry can help benefit their patients, but that does not mean each issue involving physician over utilization or quality of care is erased because there is a management mechanism set in place.With the high degree of variations in health care, patients can be under or over treated or even treated with the wrong treatment for their illness. These unwarranted care techniques can be categorized into three different situations. The first category of unwarranted care is the use of evidence or lack thereof, based on other medical care. The way to explain this category is that a care plan for a patient is proven effective without any proof as to why. The example given by Kongstvedt (2007) is the use of beta blockers post heart attack. Beta blockers prove to be effective in nearly one h... ...rnational ledger for Quality in Health Care, 14(1), 5-13.Jacobson, P. (1999, July/August). Legal challenges to managed care cost containment programs an intital assessment. Courts & Managed Care, 69-85. K ongstvedt, P. R. (2007). Essentials of managed health care. Sudbury, Mass Jones and Bartlett. McGlynn, E, Asch, S, Adams, J, Keesey, J, & Hicks, J. (2003). The quality of health care delivered to adults in the united states. The New England daybook of Medicine, 248(26), 2635-2645.Rodwin, M. (1996). Consumer protection and managed care issues, reform proposals, and trade-offs. Houston Law Review, 32(1319), 1319-1381Starfield, B, Cassady, C, Nanda, J, Forrest, C, & Berk, R. (1998). Consumer experiences and provider perceptions of the quality of primary care implications for managed care. The Journal of Family Practice, 46(3), 216-226.

Darkness Is Coming, for Me, and You…

Chapter One Sunday, October 20th, 1998 In the small town of Bloombergs, 16 class old Caddis lived on Sunstroke. Suspicious and mysterious things were al styluss going on in Bloombergs. For example, Caddies groom, Crucified Hall, there are rumors going on there alike supernatural echoes, flickering crystallizes, dark shadows, and, believe it or not, or so of the students told the principal that, well They apothegm ghosts They say the ghosts walk of life the halls, moaning, and haunting But at night its raze freakier.Imagine going to a school, no wakes, no unitary there, you hear eerie noises, the lights flicker where ever so you go, then, you start engine dark and shadowy shadows. Freaky huh? Who would ever want to do that? Especially at night time? Well, guess what? This rightful(prenominal) described Caddis perfectly She always risks it. Let me tell you ab come off Caddis. Her darling color is neon green, she says its soothing and it calms her. Her favorite cereal is Cheerios she testament eat them e precise single breakfast if she could She have sexs bunnies, Theyre fluffy and their nose is adorable when it twitches She exclaimed.Shes shy tho has lots of friends, and of course enemies Who doesnt have enemies, right? Her friends were at a sleepover once with Caddis and wanted to play truth or dare, ane of the misfires named Lea gasped and state, Guys Did you read that? They looked around, not realizing Lea was Joking moreover then Koala spoke in a quivering voice, Oh my gosh, guys I saw it, Im scared. Then the some other female childs, except Caddis got freaked step forward, some not as well as scared not too calm, others were freaking out, Caddis was the only one not freaked out, and tell Guys, this happened last time, Lea always Just tries to spook us out The filles then felt a cold dismay up and down their spine. Guys Did you feel that too Gig asked, reeking out more, pulling a blanket over her head. It might have Just been our minds playing tricks on us. Caddis announced to the shivering girls on a lower floor their blankets. There was a big bang someplace in the room, Lea reached for her flashlight, grabbed it and turned it on. She turned it this way and that way feeling all over the room under her blanket. The other girls peaked from under their blankets sequence Caddis sit next to Lea inspecting the room with the flashlight. See guys, its nothing They all let a bunch of air out like they were holding their breath. Um, Caddis, do you estimate you can turn on the light Yeastiness asked. Caddis took the flashlight, got up and saw the light switch across the room. She took a deep breath, held her breath and started walking toward the light switch, kind of scared. All the girls screamed when she turned off the flashlight, but in a flick of 5 seconds the light switch was on. They all let out a bunch of air over again, relieved. Thanks so much Caddis What would we do with out you? Gig thanked a nd asked. Eh, Im not authoritative, probably sit in the darkness all night waiting for someone to walk in, but then youd all scream. Caddis giggled. Then everyone giggled. What a sleepover Chapter 2 Monday, October 21st, 1998. She plopped her hand on the alarm clock for it to stop. She got up and rubbed her eyes, when she loose them she saw a girl sitting at her window sill, but in a blink of an eye she was gone. Ham, Oh well. Caddis tell. She rushed on a lower floor starving, and saw her florists chrysanthemum making waffles, bacon, eggs, and saw a cup of milk on the table. Caddis sat at the table and took a sip of her milk. Goodling computed axial tomography, whod you sleep? Caddies mom always called her Cat as her nickname. Great, thanks for the breakfast. Caddies mom smiled, a sign of saying yourself and placed Caddies restart in front of Caddis on the table. Caddies mom then put her exfoliation of breakfast across from Caddies home base on the table. She sat down a nd started eating like Caddis was. There was a long silence and then Caddis spoke, Mom Do we have any visitors? Like In the house? Maybe looking around the house? Caddies mom sat there thinking. No sweets, I dont think so Why did you ask? Caddies mom asked Caddis, worried. Oh um no reason Caddis told her, trying to calm her. Caddis finished breakfast and went up to her room when she perceive a girls laughter. It was spooky, like the laughter was laughing at Caddis like her pants fell down. Caddis looked around and saw nothing, she shrugged and continued up the steps. She went into her room and got rangeed for school. The usual Scares, t-shirt, light Jacket, and sneakers. She napped through her brown curly hair. She fixed her hair, grabbed her backpack and went down stairs. Bye mom, Im walking, I go through you have to work and I hate the bus. Caddis told her mom. k honey, see you later, have fun Caddies mom said. Caddis walked, head down watching where she steps and saw her s chool ahead. As she walked in the school she realized she was late. Everyone was al officious in their classrooms regarding, while she was Just arriving. She walked through the halls looking for her classroom. Caddis always gets mixed up with the classrooms. Before she went into her classroom she decided to go to the girls restroom to wash her face, she was really tired. She swung loose the door to the restroom and walked in, the door shutting by itself.She put her backpack down next to the sink and turned on the faucet. She put her give under the water and looked in the mirror about to splash her face but noticed a child in a long white dress that as torn, her hair was a blond mess, her teeth were Just starting to get yellow, and she had marks under her eyes. Caddis splashed her face and looked behind her at nothing. The girl was gone and she wasnt in the mirror. Caddies fondness was beating fast. It was nothing Caddis, Just get to class Caddis told herself unsure. She grabbed her backpack and saw two parboil feet under a stall.The pale feet was bruised and Caddis could tell they were not sitting, actually it looked like they were standing, maybe peaking an eye in between the cracks in the stall at Caddis? Caddis walked UT of the restroom not very calm and marched to her classroom. She returned her classroom door and walked in but, was she ready to learn? Or ready to figure out what was going on? Chapter 3 Monday, October 21st, 1998, Cafeteria Caddis and the classes came out of their classrooms talking, laughing and heading all around the school while Caddis and her class headed to the Cafeteria.Caddis grabbed a plate of food and went to sit at a table with her friends, Lea, Gig, Yeastiness, Koala, and Brian or Bri for short. She sat down and picked at her food. Caddis, why so quiet? Koala wondered. The other girls looked at Caddis waiting for k, guys, I keep on seeing this girl. first when I woke up she was sitting on my window sill, Then I saw her in the restroom, she had a long white dress that was ripped, no shoes, her feet and pelt were so pale. She had blond messy hair, and her teeth were Just starting turning yellow. Caddis explained. The girls looked at catheter and got scared. W-what if it was a ghost? Yeastiness asked shaking, no longer hungry for chicken nuggets. The girls sat there, letting everyone else around them fill their silence. Guys We cant be serious. There is Just no way. Caddis told them. Caddis thought about it. But what about the girl you saw? Lea wondered. Caddis again thought harder. Look guys, she wasnt a ghost, next time I will talk to her OK? They started picking at their food. Brittany spoke, She was a demon There it was again, a long silence. Whatever was going on here, Caddis was determined to figure it out.Caddis got up and left the Cafeteria, leaving behind all the faces of her friends. Chapter 4 Monday, 1100 P. M, 1998. Caddis was running, fast, running from a girl in a torn white dress, her hair was blond and a big mess, she was giggling spooky. Caddis went up to a cliff, stopped and turned around, having no where to go. The girl came up to her, stopped and giggled crazily at the sight of Caddis could fall any narrow-minded. WHO ARE YOU Caddis screamed. The girl smiled, her eye twitching. All I wanted was to play with you. The girl said giggling. The girl got closer, while Caddis stretched back farther. I meant a name Caddis told the girl. The girl giggled again. My name is amine. The girl answered. Caddis got unbalanced and almost fell off the cliff. What do you want with me you demon The girl stopped smiling, her face transformed into a furious ace. She screamed, NO NO YOU SHALL NOT CALL ME THAT Narrate pushed Caddis off the cliff, giggling happily. eve though amine was a demon, she had feelings, feelings that could never be described, maybe she didnt want to be like that. Caddis fell and screamed one last word, DEMON When she hit the cause she woke up terrified from the nightmare.Caddis breathed deeply, frightened from the nightmare. amine She whispered. Once she said that name her window swung open and her curtains flew in the wind approach path into her room. Caddies eyes widened when it happened and her heart was beating vastly. Caddis Jumped up to close her window, when she did there was a shadow behind the curtains. Caddis seek to see behind them without touching them, but she had to touch them, she grabbed it and swung it around looking behind it. There was nothing. She felt a cold breath on her neck. Hi amine. Caddis whispered.Caddis heard moaning, that turned to echoing. The next step Haunting. Chapter 5 Tuesday, October 22nd, 1998 Caddis rushed downstairs again starving, ready to eat. She Just remembered her mom had to go to work early, she left an hour ago. Caddis grabbed a wheel and poured cheerios in her bowl. She grabbed the milk Jug in the fridge and poured it in her bowl of cheerios. She turned around wit h the milk Jug in her hand, screamed, and dropped the milk on the floor, the milk went all over the floor. aminoalkane, the demon, was holding a bowl of strawberries. Need strawberries? aminoalkane asked giggling.Caddis looked at the floor and gasped, when she looked up Amine was gone, leaving the strawberries on the counter. Caddis grabbed a rag and cleaned up thought. She took her bowl of cheerios to the table, set it down, and sat in a chair. She ate slowly, feeling like something was watching her Or someone. Caddis got a chill suddenly up and down her spine and right at the wink that happened, she heard foot steps upstairs. Caddis got up slowly, freaking out, her heart pumping right out of her chest and stepped back against the wall onward from the stairs. The foot steps stopped and Caddis heard something breaking.She gasped and ran up the stairs. She looked all over the upstairs floor and finally in her room where she saw her room TRASHED She heard spooky giggling. What do y ou want with me, Amine? Caddis wondered, sobbing. Amine then came out and appeared inferno of Caddis. Amine smiled a little. L want to re-create the picture of my death but Amine walked around the room, light on her feet and continued, The picture will be different, the picture wont have me included . It will have someone else in my spot. Amine picked up a Jerry box and opened it, she touched a danseuse inside of it and it twirled slowly, dancing to music.Amine smiled a bit. But I didnt tear you. Caddis argued. Caddis looked at what Amine was doing and stepped back a bit. Yes but, this house Your room, well Amine said that and stopped trying to find the right words. WELL? Caddis started to get impatient. This room used to be my room, and I judge out the girl who pushed me Amine told Caddis again stopping. Caddis was starting to get really impatient and stomped her foot. Amine looked at Caddis and smiled, her eye started to twitch again. Your cousin killed me She came up to me and Just pushed me We were the besters friends Amine told her. Caddis thought about what Amine said and repeated the words that Amine said to herself in her head. Caddis spoke, It was probably an accident, she would never do such a thing Some how Caddis knew which cousin Amine was talking about. Amine was furious. You dont get it I need to kill you because then its a freebie Your cousin Nicole will be so depressed youre gone, her favorite cousin, she will kill herself to be with you Youre like a sister to her Besides, you stole my room. Amine explained. Amine slammed the Jerry box closed, the ballerina snapping and threw it.Amine moaned deeply and went through the wall and left a cold gust of wind behind. Caddis knew Amine was gone For now. She realized the time and gasped. IM AN HOUR LATE FOR tame She screeched. Caddis got dressed, a t- shirt, Scares, and sneakers. She brushed through her naughty, curly, brown hair, and axed it up, rushing. She brushed her teeth, grabbed he r backpack and ran out the door heading for the school. She was breathing deeply when she arrived. She went into the school and was not ready to learn at all, actually she needed to figure out what Amine had in mind for Caddis.Chapter 6 Tuesday, October 23rd, 1998, Cafeteria Caddis stared at the floor and walked slowly to the Cafeteria. She walked in and grabbed a plate of food. She went to sit with her friends. Caddis stared at her food, daydreaming. Hey Caddis Gig said. Lea snapped her fingers in front of Caddis and Caddis looked up. Oh Hey. Caddis said. The girls looked at catheter and knew something was wrong with Caddis. Caddis, hey whats wrong? Yeastiness asked worried. Caddis played with her food and began to sob. Oh guys its terrible The demon, her name is AmineShe wants to kill me because my cousin, Nicole, the picture of her death? Oh guys, what do I do Caddis sobbed into her napkin. They all stared at Caddis not knowing what to say. Caddis dont know what to tell you, Im really sorry Lea said feeling bad. Caddis is there a way to stop her or something? Brian wondered. Caddis thought about it, she had no belief when Amine would do it. I-I have no idea when Amine will re-create the picture But I have a plan. Meet me at Broomsticks Park tomorrow after school. Caddis said that, got up and left the Cafeteria. Chapter 7 Wednesday, October 24th, Bloodstains Park.Caddis arrived at Broomsticks Park and was surprised to see a familiar face there. Guess who, Amine What a surprise. Caddis walked slowly toward her. Amine was looking at her surroundings as she was sitting on a remove. She looked at a few birds, flowers and other children playing. Amine looked up and smiled at Caddis, she waved to Caddis and patted on the bench next to her. Caddis didnt move, she didnt blink, she didnt even breathe. Amine stopped smiling, and 5 seconds later smiled again. She got up and floated to Caddis, grabbed her hand and yanked her to the bench, forcing her to sit do wn.Amine sat down and Caddis sat as far away as possible from Amine. Awful, isnt it? Amine said looking around her. Caddis looked down at her feet like she wasnt supposed to hear that. Amine continued, l used to love this park. It was my favorite place when I was alive. Ah, I remember when I use to hide behind that particular tree and scare the little children. Amine told Caddis pointing at the tree. Caddis looked up at the tree, it was odd-looking. A dark shade of green and it had no sun any where near it. Caddis knew why Amine was so wicked, she was Just as wicked when she was alive. Caddis looked at the trees surroundings.A few dead flowers, dark and dead grass, and most of all, no one ever went near that tree. It always gave you a cold chill up and down your spine, like if you touched it youd be haunted. Everyone always believed that and it is true because of Amine. l think Im ready to know How did you die? Caddis wondered looking at Amine waiting for a respond. Amine stopped smiling. She sighed. It all started at Insoles house, your devilish cousin, an- Caddis cut her off, got up and said Nicole wasnt devilish She was an angel. Amine clenched her teeth and said You wouldnt understand, do you want to hear the story or not Caddis sat back down and listened. Anyway, I wanted to climb the roof with her, she said its too dangerous we could be killed and if we do live through it, my parents would kill me. I said so what, take a chance She was still not sure about it but she agreed to me, she admitted she only did it because she was afraid of me, surprisingly. We went up to he roof, I climbed it first and then she climbed it slowly. The roof was a triangle shape. I dared her to walk it, she said no. I did and I said now you have to do it because I did it. She sobbed while I yelled at her to do it.She started walking, I came closer to help her. She almost fell and tried to push me away, yelling not to help. When she did that she pushed me and I fell backwards screaming. I saw her last expression, her hands were covered over her mouth and she sobbed more. I absolutely hate her, I Just despise her now and however was in her family. Amine explained this all in 1 minute, Caddies eyes widened. Nicole was really upset because- Amine cut Caddis off and shouted, NO, NO SHE WASNT I visited her the day after I died, there she was throwing out memories of us She was ripping pictures know what she said?She said she didnt want to remember me because of two reasons, one it was too sad and two she was scared of me realizing she killed me. Caddis sat there clueless of what to say while Amine growled and flew into the sky leaving a gust of cold chills up and down Caddies back. She then heard talking and laughter, she looked up and saw her friends. She smiled a bit to see them. Hey Caddis Gig waved. They all came and sat next to Caddis on the bench. Caddis stopped smiling and looked down. Guys Amine told me how she died So now I know exactly what she i s going to do to me Caddis told them and continued, filling in everything Amine told her. Wow Lam so sorry Caddis, do you got an idea? Lea apologized and asked. Caddis then explained a good plan, but she told them the only flaw to it is she doesnt know when Amine will kill her. k, lets Just settle down and we can think of something tomorrow. Yeastiness decided. Caddis nodded, got up, and walked away, heading for home. Caddis said to herself in her head two words, Im dead Chapter 8 Thursday, October 25th, 1998. Caddis woke up from a nightmare about the place of where Amine would take her.Caddis got out of bed and went downstairs, ready for breakfast. She saw her mom getting ready for work. Cat honey, youll going have to make yourself breakfast again, they called me in early for work. Caddies mom told her rushing to get ready. Caddis nodded and got out a bowl, and then a box of cheerios. Caddies mom looked at Caddis and felt her cheeks and forehead. Sweetheart, youre sick you have to stay home today. Caddies mom told her. Caddis moaned, wanting to go to school where there is a lot of people, instead, she has to be home And not exactly alone. Amine would be with her of course.Caddis heard giggling. Caddies mom checked Caddies temperature and said, Yep, looks like youre staying home. She showed Caddies temperature. It was 100. 3 Great. Caddis thought. Caddies mom smiled, kissed Caddis on the forehead, grabbed her purse and left, blowing a kiss goodbye. Caddis poured milk into her cereal and started eating it, leaving the milk on the counter and she stood while she ate it. Amine yanked Caddis up the stairs ND opened a secret door in the ceiling that led to the attic. Caddis climbed the ladder into the attic and saw old, dusty boxes. Open this one. Amine said pushing it close to her. Caddis sat down crisis-crossed and tore it open, she gasped when she saw tons of beautiful white silk dresses, all with different designs and different length. She took out the one on the top, it was designed with beautiful white roses, the length was down to her ankles and it was white and silky. Amine smiled, her eye was twitching. This one was my favorite, go ahead, put it on. Amine demented nicely but it seemed she didnt really. Caddis hesitated, she didnt want to put on a dress of a dead girl but she did so she wouldnt make Amine angry.Amine then told Caddis to open another one. Caddis did and when she did, she saw a box full of at least two dozen dolls. She searched through it and pulled out a doll that was wearing her dress. She hugged it but she didnt mean to. She had no idea what she was thinking when she hugged Amines doll and put on Amines dress. Come, lets fix your hair. Amine suggested, sitting Caddis down in front of a mirror. Amine twisted and pulled at Caddies hair then she wrapped it in white ribbon. Perfect, you almost look as beautiful as I do. Amine sure Caddis. Caddis shut.I will name this doll Sophia. Thought Caddis. This doll was my most favorite, so was the dress, her name is Hated. Youve heard McDonald, well this is Hated. Get it? Spell it backwards. Amine told her, smiling. Caddis took a minute to think about it. D-e-a -t-. H. Death Caddis thought. Caddis dropped the doll on the floor. Amine smiled, grabbed the doll and floated through the window, leaving behind Caddis unanswered. Caddis ripped off the dress roughly, seriously ripping it. She goosed it in the box and along with the ribbon. She closed the boxes, left the attic and went to her room.When she entered her room she saw something familiar on her bed staring at the doorway and now Caddis. It was Hated. Chapter 9 Friday, October 28th, 1998. Yesterday, Caddis put Hated in the attic. Amine didnt show up since then. Caddis got out of bed, there was no school today. It was teachers day. Caddis went downstairs and saw breakfast made on the counter with a note. It read Had to go to work early. Love you Caddis took the breakfast, strawberries, bacon, eggs , and a banana. She set it on the table and ate. Amine came and sat down across from Caddis.She snatched a strawberry off Caddies plate and ate it. l love strawberries. Amine said eating the Juicy red strawberry. Caddis was done eating and put her plates on the counter. When will you kill me Amine. Caddis asked afraid. Amine floated around the room. Ham, lets go right now, its supposed to rain today. Amine answered. Amine grabbed Caddies hand and pulled her out of the house, through the woods, and arrived at Insoles house. Caddis tried to pull away but it was no use. Amine dragged her into Insoles house, up the stairs and onto a bedroom.Amine opened the window and climbed onto the ledge of the roof. Lets go Amine yelled, climbing the roof. Caddis hung onto the ledge and pulled herself up, it was the same as monkey bars except she was going upwards diagonal. Caddis arrived at the top of the triangular roof and held onto the chimney as she stepped onto the roof. She saw clouds co ming with thunder and lightning. All of a sudden rain poured down like a waterfall in the town. Amine looked up and spread her arms out like she was absorbing the rain. Amine looked at Caddis and giggled at Caddies terrified face. k, so its very simple.Just walk from this chimney to that chimney. Amine told Caddis pointing at the chimney that was on the other side of the house. Amine started to walk to the other side, her arms spread out balancing herself. She touched the chimney on the other side. k Now you do it Amine yelled over to Caddis. Caddis started to bawl saying, l cant do it I cant do it, please Amine Amine giggled and walked over to Caddis, grabbed her hand and pulled her a little. Amine let go and stepped back. Caddis took one step and almost slipped from the rain on the roof that made it slippery.Amine took Caddies hand seeing how Caddis was very unbalanced leaning this way and that way. Caddis tried to take her hand away. Stop, dont help me Caddis screamed frustra ted. She tried to push Amine away thinking if she did push Amine nothing would happen but Caddis was wrong. She pushed Amine and Amine fell backwards Just as before when Nicole did it. Amine fell screaming and fell in a puddle. Caddis climbed down from the roof, ran down the stairs and out the door of where Amine fell. She didnt see Amine there. Caddis ran through the forest not minding her face was being mound Amines grave and read it.Here lies Amine. The wicked one who will return. Chapter 10 Friday, April 28, 1999. Six Months Later Caddis kneeled at Amines grave inspecting it more. Caddis had a feeling inside of her that Amine was gone For good. Caddis got up and left, heading for home. There was a gust of wind that surrounded the grave, leaves flew in the air following the wind, and suddenly stopped. Amines head popped out of the soil and she smiled her teeth were yellow. She dug her nails into the soil and yanked herself out of the background knowledge and stood up. Amine was back and ready for revenge.

Integrating Traditional Medicine with Western Medicine

Name Anthony OLUSOLA Course TitleMedical Anthropology TopicTraditional and Bio-Medical employ Integrating traditionalistic and modern systems in the Nigerian health headache deli really. Research Question To what extent, if any, has traditional care for in comparison to Bio-Medical practice, been incorporated to the health care delivery systems in Nigeria and how much promotion is given to the significance and ability of the practice of traditional medicine in curing same illness? AbstractThe practice of traditional medicine among the people of Nigeria in the Western region of Africa transcends the advent of Bio-Medicine and occupies a prominent position in the delivery of health care. Majority of the untaught dwellers as well as substantial proportion of the urban dwellers rely on traditional medicine for solutions to illness and healing. A monumental number of Nigerians living abroad rely strongly on the efficacy of traditional herbs for medical treatment, regardless of t heir level of education and cost of transporting such herbal tea medicine to their country of residence.However, several successive governments in Nigeria have continued to neglect the indigenous health care methods in their health policy. This paper examines the relevance of traditional medicine and its contributions to health care delivery systems in Nigeria, and the rate at which people opt for alter endemic medical interventions as brought about by the inaccessibility of modern medicine as well as the financial implications. Against these backdrops, this paper proposes considerable recognition for traditional medical practice and its possible consolidation into the nations health care delivery system. Medical system in Nigeria An examinationWhereas health is the most precious of all things and it is the foundation of all happiness, traditional medicine, in response to the health needs of the people, developed as an integral part of the various communities in Nigeria and its pr actice dates back in time, long sooner the advent of modern technology and inventions. It in fact, plays a huge role in providing a sense of identity and spirituality to the people of Nigeria. Historically, traditional medicine reflects the social-religious structures of the indigenous societies from which it emerges, along with the values, beliefs, behaviours and practices developed over the years.The administration of traditional medicine is conducted by a traditional healer or elder, often regarded as native doctors, who took care of their patients using extracts of plants, animals and mineral substances as well as other methods based on the social, cultural and religious beliefs of the community. Such person is also considered to be well grounded in the prevailing knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs in the community about physical, mental and social well-being and the cause of diseases and disabilities (WHO, 1976).The medical services provided by this individual is widely accept able among the people both in the bucolic and the urban areas. According to World Health Organization, traditional medicine is the totality of knowledge and practices, whether explicable or not, used in diagnosing, preventing or eliminating a physical, mental or social dis-equilibrium and which rely exclusively on past experiences and observations handed down from generation to generation, whether verbally or in writing (WHO,1976).With this definition, it can be argued that the practice of traditional knowledge is rooted in the in-depth wisdom and versatility of the administrator not only on the causality of diseases, but also the need for a healthy community without necessarily draining the people of their finances thus making health care accessible and affordable. However, despite the importance of traditional medicine, it has incredibly suffered neglect and non-recognition by the nations health developing and planning agencies.More attention is continually cadaverous to the mod ern medical system with little or no concern for the accessibility of this system as well and its affordability. The sustainability of an average family in Nigeria is valued at less than 5 dollars a day. Notwithstanding the governments preposition on the establishment of a health care system that is promotive, protective, preventive, restorative and rehabilitative to every(prenominal) citizen of the country within the available resources so that individuals and communities are assured of productivity, social well-being nd enjoyment of living (F. M. H. 1988), the system, as is currently practiced is very inadequate in comparison to the Nigerian growing population and slow-paced economic development. According to the health manpower statistics, the ratio of the registered medical doctors as against the populations need is put at 11,100 with modern medical facilities being administered in mega cities and little or none made available at the rural areas.As a result of lack of supervisi on or adequate provision for the essential needs of medical practitioners, doctors often times are faced with the painstaking decision to commute to the rural areas to administer Medicare on out-of-pocket expenses, which after a while becomes impossible to carry on. Thus the people in the rural area are left in the care of the traditional healer, who eventually cure their diseases with less charges than the bio-medical practice thereby saving the patients some money.The news of the efficacy of the traditional medical administration soon spreads to the urban cities and an inflow of travelers is experienced for consultation and medical attention. In certain medical cases, modern medical practitioners would affect a particular patient with illness considered incurable using modern medications to traditional healers thus further reaffirming the extent to which traditional medicine constitute measurable source of medical care for many people regardless of their wealth or level of educa tion.Unfortunately, the effect of globalization and capitalist theory has eaten deep into the Nigerian government such that the individual gains or profits of the policy makers and that of those at the corridor of power is rated high and considered most important than the health and healing of the citizens. Much splash is made on the need for the nation to catch up with modern world in science and technology but the nations economy, as it is presently, cannot readily meet the high cost of modern health care and the advanced technology.

Disastrous Date Essay

I remember my first date. Not only because it was my first romantic experience with who I considered during that time the male child of my dreams, only also because it was maven of the most embarrasing experiences of my life. I was 17 years old back then, but I remember it want if it was yesterday. We took a long road trip from Carolina to the Old San Juan. Along the way we were sharing experiences and funny anecdotes, we were telling each other the kind of stories you tell in highschool, ab place pranks, teachers, odd classmates and issues that only a highschool student tummy understand.We arrived to the restaurant and boththing in it looked trick. The sights were all bright because of the illumination of the place everything was sorrounded with colorful lamps with various shapes, there were autographed pictures of what appeared to be various local celebrities who had visited the restaurant, such as Jos Feliciano and Ednita Nazario, the tables were decorated with red and yel low roses, Dean Martins lovable music was comming out of the restaurants speakers and the smell of garlic frying in olive oil in the air gave me that sensation that only good Italian restaurants can give to a woman with a great taste want myself.As we walked in the host politely saluted us and asked my date if he had a reservation, to which he replied yes, after checking my dates name and last name in a thick, old, black binder with Italys flag and the restaurants logo on its cover the host walked us to our table. The service was great, I can tell because only a few minutes after pickings our seats the host was with our menus and offering us drinks. My date comfortably asked for the wine of the house, because apparently he already knew the place and he was eighteen years old, the sancti one(a)d drinking age in Puerto Rico, when the waiter turned to me and I got nervous, because at that time I never had a drink of alcohol in my life, non even a drop, so I pointed out the brownis h looking drink of the lady in the next table and mumbled iced tea for me please.I was nervous because I had this idea back then that alcohol plays animportant role in a teenagers social live. When I was in highschool, all my friends under eighteen were drinking in parties, concerts or other social events, they even brought to school alcohol hidden in gatorade bottles and such, and, as every person who have experienced the highschool drama knows, all the cool kids were doing it. I felt inmature because my date was about to have some kind of fancy wine while I asked for iced tea same(p) some fifth grader girl.I will not ever forget the face he make when he heard me ask for iced tea, he had this mixture of doubt and mock in his expression, like frowning and smiling simultaneously. Come on he state sarcastically while winking his eye I wont tell your parents you had a glass of wine or two, I stood well-knit to my principles by answering no thank you, ice tea is fine, I dont know if I did it because I was being fearless against the peer pressure or afraid that at some point of the night someone from the restaurants personnel would approach me asking for an ID.The waiter came back to take our order with a tray on his hands which contained a garlic bread basket, my dates glass, a bottle of wine and a huge glass of what appeared to be my iced tea. I remember we asked that night for a pizza with eggplants, green peppers, tomato slices, onions and extra cheese with basil sauce on top, the pizza dough was dipped in olive oil and served in a hot pan. As we waited for the food to arrive I took a imbibe from my drink, I noticed it tasted weird, it was sour, a little bit bitter and it was also effervescent like soda, it didnt tasted like any iced tea I had before, but since we were in a fancy place and I didnt wanted to look unrefined, I assumed thats how elegant people drink their iced tea, I thought to myself that if I drank fast the taste wouldnt bother me. With the passage my drinking speed increased, a sip turned into a conscription, a swig into a gulp and a gulp into three glasses. Little did I know the contents of my drink.As the glasses were draining one by one I started feeling woozy, like if I just came out from a long rollercoaster ride. My face felt warm, my respiration got colder, my tongue got tangled when I spoke, I found almost impossible to control the volume of my verbalize, my eyelids were struggling to remain open, and my arms and legs became droopy. Suddenly, I found myself ina good mood, laughing at each joke he told, even when they were not funny, and also I became very sincere, telling him almost every really deep and personal anecdotes and cofessing every single reason why I found him attractive in every way, I even told him, like I mentioned before, why he was the boy of my dreams, without knowing it, I was drunk for the first time in my life.He was not a fool whatsoever, he knew I was drunk, but he couldnt explain him self why, since the only thing I had that night were three huge glasses of iced tea, he asked the waiter in an angry tone of voice how come I was drunk with three glasse of iced tea, the waiter replied that was because there were five differet types of liqueur in a Long Island Iced Tea, vodka, tequila, rum, gin and triple sec. Apparently our waiter got confused, because when he took our order the drink I pointed out from the lady on the table next to us was actually a Long Island Iced Tea. Needless to arrange we left the restaurant that momment with shame in our faces, to top it all off, on our way to the car we came across with my english school teacher, the one who talked like Edward throng Olmos in that movie where he was a math teacher, he recognized me and greeted me and I greeted him back, until this day I think because of the distance I was from him he didnt noticed how drunk I was but, who knows.I cannot say that our date was a total waste of time. Even tough I was drunk he behaved like a gentleman the whole time. He never took advantage of my state and I respect and admire that in a man. He carried me in his shoulders like a wounded soldier, he also made several stops in different business locations without complaining when I needed to go to the bathroom, he held my hair for it to avoid getting dirty when I puked, he even didnt got mad because I did it in his new shoes. After sitting for a while in the park, having two water bottles and an energy drink I regained some sobriety, he gave me some mint bubblegum for the nausea and drove me back home, I puked once on the way but he was nice enough to pull over and open the door. I finally arrived home around 200 AM, I puked once more before going to bed and fall sleep, it is still a mistery for me how could I puke so much in one night.I woke up the next day with the sound of my cellphone ringing, I was dizzy, had a headache and it felt like the phone was ringing inside my skull, I answered and I heard the sound of his voice asking me if I was okand also if I remembered something about the night before, I answered him by apologizing several times, describing how I felt that morning and that I partially rememberd what happened during our date, he explained to me almost laughing that weird pehnomena I was experiencing was called a hangover. He called me again when I in full recovered, surprisingly enough to ask me out again, I told him that I would go out with him if we avoid going to the Old San Juan for a long while, because after what happened in our first date I could never show my face again around that area.

The Survey of Adult Education

kiransielts. blogspot. com 1 IELTS GRAPHS Cambridge 1 test 1 The charts to a lower place fork up the results of a survey of adult education. The first chart commemorates the reasons wherefore adults decide to content. The pie chart returns how people think the cost of adult education should be sh argond. compose a report for a university packer, describing the instruction shown down the stairs(a). How the cost of each course should be sh bed I am going to describe devil interpretical recordical records. The intercept interpret shows the reasons wherefore adults choose to study and the pie charts show how the adults think the cost of each course should be shared.From the criterion graph it is clear that the of import reasons why adults opted for higher study were because of interest in subject and to gain qualifications. Nearly 40% gave this reason in the survey. Approximately 20% studied further because it was stabilising for their present job and to improve thei r prospects of promotion. The uniform luck alike studied because they enjoyed whoremongervass. Around 12 % chose to study to be able to change jobs and the to the lowest degree 9% studied just to meet new people. From the pie chart we sight infer that the individuals themselves wanted to clear precisely 40% of their fees for higher education.They wanted the employer to sp halt 35% and the taxpayer to give-up the ghost 25% of their course fees. This ends my report. 9 12 20 20 22 38 40 0 10 20 30 40 To meet people To able to change jobs Enjoy learning / studying To improve prospects of promotion Helpful for current job To gain qualifications Interest in subject % Individual, 40% Taxpayer, 25% Employer, 35% kiransielts. blogspot. com 2 Cambridge 1 test 2 The plot shows how the Australian Bureau of Meteorology collects up-to-the-minute data on the weather in order to produce reliable forecasts. drop a course of attain a report for a university lecturer, describing the ra ndomness shown infra.The given picture graph illustrates the carry through of in style(p) cultivation on the weather so as to produce dependable forecasts. It is clear from the graph that primary(prenominal)ly four steps are involved in the process. The first st sequence in the process is the collection of the incoming information. This place be done through the satellite, radar and the drifting buoy. The data is collected on the satellite photo, radar screen and the synoptic chart. All this is so analysed for forecasting and fed into the computer. Fin whollyy it is broadcast on radio, telecast on TV and communicated as a recorded announcement through the phone.So, it can be seen that to produce au whencetic forecasts the data is collected through various sources, analysed and finally broadcast so that we can know beforehand what sort of weather we have to face in the coming time. kiransielts. blogspot. com 3 Cambridge 1 test 3 The chart below shows the amount of money per w orkweek spent on degraded intellectual nourishments in Britain. The graph shows the propensitys in habit of fast foods. spell a report for a university lecturer describing the information below. Expenditure on fast foods by income groups Consumption of fast foods 1970-1990Two graphs are given. The column graph depicts the expenditure on fast foods by varied income groups in Britain and the line graph shows the turn outs in consumption of fast foods from 1970 to 1990. The chart shows that high income earners consumed considerably to a greater ex tennert fast foods than the other income groups. They spent more than than twice as much on hamburgers (43 pence per nearbody per week) as on weight and chips or pizza ( twain under 20 pence). fair(a) income earners spent 33 pence per person per week on hamburgers, which was the maximum they spent on any given fast food.This was followed by fish and chips at 24 pence, then pizza at 11 pence per person per week. Low income earners s pent little than other income groups on fast foods, though fish and chips re mains their roughly normal fast food, followed by hamburgers and then pizza. From the line graph we can see that in 1970, fish and chips were the most popular fast food where as burgers and pizza were the least popular fast food at that time. The consumption of hamburgers and pizza rose steadily everywhere the 20 division period to 1990 part the consumption of fish and chips declined everyplace that same period. on that point was a slight increase in popularity from 1985 to 1990. This ends my report. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 High Income Average Income Low Income Pence per person per week Hamburgers Fish and Chips Pizza kiransielts. blogspot. com 4 Cambridge 1 test 4 Chorleywood is a village unsp crude oilt London whose population has increased steadily since the middle of the nineteenth pennyury. The map below shows the development of the village. The map shows the development of Chorleywood vi llage in among 1868 and 1994. Chorleywood pose and golf coast lies in the centre of layout.To the south of this is the Chorleywood oceant. To the south of the Chorleywood Park, the vaguely shaded area is developed in in the midst of 1922 and 1970. The horizontally shaded area around the station is developed in between 1883 and 1922. It can be seen from the graph that the area north of Chorleywood station and the west of Chorleywood park and the golf course developed in between 1868 and 1883. The north, south and east of the Chorleywood Park, which is the diagonally shaded area, developed in between 1970 and 1994. We can assume from the map that on the west and north of Chorleywood Park and olf course, the dark line represents the main roads which run from north to south and west to east. On the east of Chorleywood Park and the golf course runs the motor way, which was built in 1970. The line line south of Chorleywood Park and the golf course was built in 1909. It can be seen at that place has been development around Chorleywood station and on the motorway which runs from south to north. We can arrive at inference that there has been a considerable development in the village Chorleywood during the period of 1970 to 1994. kiransielts. blogspot. com 5 Cambridge 2 test 1The set back below shows the consumer durables (telephone, refrigerator, etc) owned in Britain from 1972 to 1983. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information given below Consumer durables 1972 1974 1976 1978 1979 1981 1982 1983 dowers of star signholds with Central heating 38 43 48 52 55 59 60 64 Television 93 95 96 96 97 97 97 98 Video 18 Vacuum cleaner 87 89 92 92 93 94 95 Refrigerator 73 81 88 91 92 93 93 94 Washing machine 66 68 71 75 74 78 79 80 Dishwasher 3 3 4 4 5 Telephone 42 50 54 60 67 75 76 77The given parry illustrates the luck of British households who owned a range of consumer durables between 1972 and 1983. It is clear from the graph that this p ercentage increased everyplace the years. The greatest increase was in telephone ownership, acclivity from 42% in 1972 to 77% in 1983. Next was the central heating ownership, rebellion from 37% of households in 1972 to 64% in 1983. The percentage of households with a refrigerator rose by 21% over the same period and of those with a wash drawing machine by 14%. Households with vacuum-cleaners, televisions and dishwashers increased by 8%, 5% and 2% respectively.In 1983, the year of their introduction, 18% of households had a video recorder. Over the period the similitude of British houses with central heating doubled and of those with a phone increased from under a half to over one-third-quarters. at that place were overly big increases in the ownership of airstream machines and refrigerators, which suggests rising living standards of the British people over the period. kiransielts. blogspot. com 6 Cambridge 2 Test 2 The chart below shows the amount of rot time enjoyed by men and women of different employment status.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. Leisure time in a ordinary week by sex and employment status, 1989-99 The given column graph illustrates the hours of leisure time enjoyed by men and women in a typical week in 1998-99, fit to gender and employment status. Among those employed full-time, men on middling had a little less than fifty hours of leisure, whereas women had or so thirty-eight hours. There were no figures given for male part-time workers, entirely female part-timers had forty hours of leisure time.This do was slightly more than women in full-time employment. In the vacant and retired categories, leisure time showed an increase for both sexes. Here too, men enjoyed more leisure time approximately eighty hours, compared with seventy two hours for women. Housewives enjoyed approximately lii hours of leisure, on average. There were no figures given for men (househusbands). Over all, the chart demonstrates that in the categories for which statistics on male leisure time were available, men enjoyed at least ten hours of extra leisure time. 47 0 81 80 0 38 40 72 72 52 0. 00 0. 00 40. 00 60. 00 80. 00 atomic compute 6. 00 Hours of leisure time Males Females kiransielts. blogspot. com 7 Cambridge 2 test 3 The first chart below shows the results of a survey which sampled a cross-section of ampere- sulfur,000 people asking if they motive powerled abroad and why they travelled for the period 1994-98. The warrant chart shows their destinations over the same period. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. VISITS ABROAD BY UK RESIDENTS BY PURPOSE OF VISIT (1994-98) 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Holiday 15,246 14,898 17,896 19,703 20,700 Business ,155 3,188 3,249 3,639 3,957 Visits to friends and relatives 2,689 2,628 2,774 3,051 3,181 Other reasons 982 896 1,030 1,054 990 TOTAL 22,072 21,610 24,949 27,447 28,828 DESTINATIONS O F VISITS ABROAD BY UK RESIDENTS BY MAIN REGION (1994-98) Western Europe North the States Other areas TOTAL 1994 19,371 919 1,782 22,072 1995 18,944 914 1,752 21,610 1996 21,877 1,167 1,905 24,949 1997 23,661 1,559 2,227 27,447 1998 24,519 1,823 2,486 28,828 The given confuses illustrate the reasons why U. K. residents visited abroad and the countries they visited between 1994 and 1998.The data is based on a survey conducted on c,000 people. According to statistical Information, the main reason for traveling abroad was holidays, business, and visits to friends and relatives. Indeed, there was a steady increase in the number of holiday definers. While in 1996 there were slightly 17,896 who travelled abroad, in 1998 there were 20,700 of them. Travelling for business also increased from 3155 travellers in 1994 to 3957 travellers in 1994. Traveling abroad for visiting friends and relatives showed a steady cast up over the period.While there were nigh 2,628 travellers in 1995, the n umber increased to 3,181 in 1998. The number of people who travelled for other reasons not mentioned in the graph showed fluctuations. There was also a change in the destinations which people preferred for travelling. Western Europe was the most popular destination. In 1994, only 19,371 of the sample preferred to spend their holiday in that main region. There was an increase to 24,519 in 1998. North the States and other areas also appeared favourable. In 1996, there were 1,167 going to North America and 1,905 to other areas.These numbers increased to 1,823 and 2,486 respectively. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 8 Cambridge 2 test 4 The put off below shows the figures for imprisonment in five countries between 1930 and 1980. Write a report for a university, lecturer describing the information shown below. The given column graph illustrates the figures for imprisonment in Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, United States and Canada from 1930 to 1980. It is clear fr om the graph that there is considerable fluctuation in the figures for imprisonment from bucolic to country.In Great Britain the numbers in prison have increased steadily from 30 000 in 1930 to 80,000 in 1980. On the other hand, in Australia, and particular(a)ly in New Zealand the numbers reduce markedly from 1930 to 1940. Since then they increased gradually and reached 50,000 and approximately 85,000 for Australia and New Zealand respectively. Canada is the only country in which the numbers in prison diminish over the fifty year period, although there were fluctuations in this arch. The figures for the United States indicate the greatest number of prisoners compared to the other four countries.The prison population in the United States increased very rapidly from 1970 to 1980. This ends my report. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 in thousands Great Britain Australia New Zealand United States Canada kiransielts. blogspot. com 9 Cambridge 3 task 1 ( Sa me in Official materials ) The charts below show the number of lacquerese tourists travelling abroad between 1985 and 1995 and Australias share of the Japanese tourist market. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. In this report I am going to describe a column graph and a line graph.The column graph shows the number, in one million million millions, of Japanese tourists visiting other countries from 1985 to 1995 and the line graph shows the percentage of those Japanese tourists visiting Australia over the same period. The column graph clearly shows an upward trend in the number of Japanese tourists. This number was approximately 5 million in the year 1985 and reached 15 million by the year 1995. This number trebled over the decade. There were, however, minor fluctuations over the period. It is clear from the line graph that Australia got 2% share of Japans tourist market. This umber also grew three generation and by 1995, reached 6% wit h or so minor ups and downs in between. It can be concluded that Australias share of Japans tourist market grew comparably over the period. kiransielts. blogspot. com 10 Cambridge 3 Test 2 The chart below shows the amount spent on six consumer goods in four European countries. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. The given bar graph shows the amount of money the Germans, Italians, French and the British spend on consumer goods such(prenominal) as personal stereos, tennis racquets, perfumes, CDs, toys and photographic films.It is clear from the graph that Britain spends most heavily on the range of consumer goods included. In every case, British spend more than other countries. so far, in the case of tennis racquets another country, Italy, spends near the same. In contrast, Germany is generally the lowest spender. This is most evident in photographic film, where Germany spends much less than Britain. However, in tennis racquets and perfu mes, Germany spends more than France. Meanwhile, France and Italy generally maintain middle positions. France spends more on CDs and photographic film entirely less on tennis racquets than Italy does.Italys spending on personal stereos is only marginally greater than that of France, while spending on toys is equal between the two. It is clear from the data given that there are both(prenominal) profound differences in spending habits within Europe. 100 120 140 160 180 Photographic film Toys CDs Perfume tennis racquets Personal stereos Thousand pounds sterling Germany Italy France Britain kiransielts. blogspot. com 11 Cambridge 3 test 3 The charts below show the takes of participation in education and lore in ontogeny and industrialised countries in 1980 and 1990.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. Average years of knowledge Scientists and technicians per thousand people Spending on look into and development The three column graphs illustrate the average years of schooling, numbers of scientists and technicians, and the spending on research and development in developing and developed countries. Figures are given for 1980 and 1990. It is clear from the charts that the figures for developed countries are much higher than those for developing nations. Also, the charts show an overall increase in participation in education and science from 1980 to 1990.People in developing nations attended school for an average of around 3 years, with only a slight increase in years of schooling from 1980 to 1990. On the other hand, the figure for industrialised countries rose from nearly 9 years of schooling in 1980 to nearly 11 years in 1990. From 1980 to 1990, the number of scientists and technicians in industrialised countries almost doubled from a little over 40 to intimately 70 per 1000 people. Spending on research and development also saw rapid growth in these countries, reaching $350 billion in 1990. By contrast, the num ber of science workers in eveloping countries remained below 20 per 1000 people, and research spending fell from about $50 billion to only $25 billion. This ends my report. 0 2 4 6 8 10 1980 1990 Years of schooling Developing countries Industrialised countries 0 20 40 60 80 1980 1990 Per thousand people Developing countries Industrialised countries 0 100 200 three hundred 400 1980 1990 US $ billions Developing countries Industrialised countries kiransielts. blogspot. com 12 Cambridge 3 Test 4 The graph below shows the unemployment rates in the US and Japan between marching music 1993 and March 1999.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below The given line graph compares the unemployment rates between U. S. and Japan from March 93 to March 99. It can be seen from the graph that the unemployment rates in Japan increased over the period whereas that of America decreased over the period. In March, 1993, United States had seven percent of unemployed workforce which was three times more than that of Japan, where 2. 5% were unemployed. However, the unemployment rate in United States began declining slowly since March 1993, and reached 5% mark in the middle of 1996.Japans unemployment rate, however, doubled in three years. From then on, the percentage of unemployed workforce in United States remained roughly the same at about 5% until March 99, although there were minor fluctuations in the unemployment rate. As for Japan, the percentage of unemployed grew steadily but with fluctuations to reach 5. 0% in March 1999. The major conclusion that can be drawn using the graph, is that number of unemployed in regular army decreased by about 2. 0% in the course of six years, while in Japan it actually increased by 2. 5% percent. As a result, in March 99, both Japan and U. S. ad about 5% of their work force unemployed. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 13 Cambridge 4 AC Task 1 The graph below shows the demand for electrical energy in England during typical days in overwinter and summer. The pie chart shows how electrical energy is used in an average English home. Summarise the information by selecting and report the main gives, and have comparisons where relevant. The given line graph illustrates the daily demand for electrical energy in England during typical days in winter and summer while the pie chart outlines how electricity is taken into use in an average English household.From the graph, it is evident that the daily demand for electricity is generally more in winter than in summer. The consumption of electricity fluctuates at an average level of 40,000 units in winter. The least demand for electricity is at about 7 am and afterward(prenominal) that, it increases steadily and peaks at nearly 10 pm after which it again hangs at midnight. As for summer, the demand for electricity is just under 20,000 units throughout the day. It gets to its peak at 2 pm 10 pm and bottoms at 9 am. The pie cha rt illustrates that 52. % of electricity is used for heating rooms and pissing. Around 17. 5% of electricity is provided for ovens, kettles, washing machines. 15% each is used for lighting, TV, radio and for vacuum cleaners, food mixers and electric tools. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 14 Cambridge 4 AC task 2 The table below shows the counterweight of different categories of families living in poverty in Australia in 1999. Summarise the information by selecting and inform the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words.Family type Proportion of people from each household type living in poverty single cured person 6% (54,000) aged couple 4% (48,000) single, no children 19% (359,000) couple, no children 7% (211,000) sole parent 21% (232,000) couple with children 12% (933,000) all households 11% (1,837,000) The given table illustrates the breakdown of the different type of families who were living in poverty in Australia in 1999. On average, 11% of all households, comprising almost two million people, were in this position.However, those consisting of only one parent or a single adult had almost double this proportion of poor people, with 21% and 19% respectively. Couples without children generally tended to be better off with only 7% in poverty whereas those with children were 12% . It is noticeable that for both types of household with children, a higher than average proportion were living in poverty at this time. Older people were generally less likely to be poor, though once again the trend favoured remote couples (only 4%) rather than single elderly people (6%).Overall the table suggests that households of single adults and those with children were more likely to be living in poverty than those consisting of couples. kiransielts. blogspot. com 15 Cambridge 4 AC task 3 The chart below shows the different levels of post-school qualifications in Australia and the proportion of men and women who held them in 1999. Summarise the information by selecting and inform the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Post-school qualifications in Australia according to gender 1999 The given bar graph gives information about the percentage of men and women ho held different levels of post-school qualifications in Australia in 1999. It is clear that gender differences were more pronounced in some fields than others. We can see immediately that there were substantial differences in the proportion of men and women at different levels. The biggest difference was at the lowest post-school level, where 90% men held a skilled vocational diploma compared with only 10% women. By contrast, more women held undergraduate diplomas (70%) and marginally more women reached degree level (55%).At the higher levels of education, men with postgraduate diplomas clearly outnumbered their female counterparts (70% and 30%, respectively), and also constituted 60% of Masters graduates. Thus we can see that m ore men than women hold qualifications at the lower and higher levels of education, while more women reach undergraduate diploma level than men. The gender difference is smallest at the level of Bachelors degree, however. This ends my report. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Masters degree Postgraduate diploma Bachelors degree Undergraduate diploma Skilled vocational diploma % Females Males iransielts. blogspot. com 16 Cambridge 4 test 4 The charts below give information about travel to and from the UK, and about the most popular countries for UK residents to visit. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Visits to and from the UK Most popular countries visited by UK residents 1999 Two graphs are given. The line graph shows data on the number of visits abroad by British people and visits from overseas residents to the UK, while the bar chart provides the figures of the popular countries chosen by UK residents to t ravel to.It is clear from the graph that the visits make by UK residents are more than the visits made to the UK by overseas residents. The trend for overseas visitors climbed steadily over the period of 20 years, from 10 million visits in 1979 to over 25 million in 1999. On the other hand, the visits made by the British had a significant increase of 41 million trips in the same period, from 11 million to 52 million. In 1999, over 12 million UK residents visited France, which was the most popular country of all, while a lesser number (9 million) of travellers went to Spain.Visitors from other countries such as the USA, Greece, and Turkey had approximately 9 million visitors altogether. 0 5 10 15 Franc e Spain USA Greec e Turke y Millions of UK visitors kiransielts. blogspot. com 17 Cambridge 5 Test 1 The map below is of the town of Garlsdon. A new supermarket (S) is planned for the town. The map shows two possible sites for the supermarket. Summarise the information by selecting a nd reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. The given picture graph shows two potential sites for a supermarket that is planned there.Both sites have their pros and cons. The first potential location (S1) is outside the town itself, and is sited just off the main road to the town of Hindon which is 12 kms to the north-west. This site is in the countryside and so would be able to accommodate a lot of car parking. This would make it accessible to shoppers from both Hindon and Garlsdon who could travel by car. As it is also close to the railroad line line linking the two towns to Cransdon (25 km to the south-east), a potentially large number of shoppers would also be able to travel by train.In contrast, the suggested location, S2, is right in the town centre, which would be good for topical anesthetic residents. Theoretically the store could be accessed by road or rail from the ring towns, including Bransdon, but as the central area is a no-traffic zone, car s would be unable to park and access would be difficult. Overall, neither site is appropriate for all the towns, but for customers in Cransdon, Hindon and Garlsdon, the out-of town site (S1) would probably offer more advantages. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 18 Cambridge 5 test 2The table below gives information about the underground railway bodys in six cities. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Underground Railway constitutions City Date subject Kilometres of route Passengers per year (in millions) London 1863 394 775 genus Paris 1900 199 1191 Tokyo 1927 155 1927 Washington DC 1976 126 144 Kyoto 1981 11 45 Los Angeles 2001 28 50 The given table illustrates data about the underground railway systems in six cities which are London, Paris, Tokyo, Washington DC, Kyoto and Los Angeles.London has the oldest underground railway systems among the six cities. It was opened in the year 1863, and i t is already 147 years old. Paris is the second oldest, which was opened in the year 1900. This was then followed by the opening of the railway systems in Tokyo, Washington DC and Kyoto. Los Angeles has the newest underground railway system, and was only opened in the year 2001. In terms of the size, London has the largest underground railway systems. It has 394 kilometres of route in total, which is nearly twice as large as the system in Paris. Kyoto, in contrast, has the smallest system.It only has 11 kilometres of route, which is more than 30 times less than that of London. Interestingly, Tokyo, which only has 155 kilometres of route, serves the greatest number of passengers per year, at 1927 million passengers. The system in Paris has the second greatest number of passengers, at 1191 million passengers per year. The smallest underground railway system, Kyoto, serves the smallest number of passengers per year. Overall it can be seen that, the underground railway systems in differ ent cities vary a lot in the site of the system, the number of passengers served per year and in the age of the system. iransielts. blogspot. com 19 Cambridge 5 test 3 The graph below shows the proportion of population aged 65 and over between 1940 1nd 2040 in three different countries. Summarise the information .. The given line graph illustrates the proportion of 65+ year olds in Japan, Sweden and U. S. A. from 1940 to the present time with a prediction till 2040. Overall, it can be seen from the graph that in all three countries, the percentage of elderly people is expected to increase by the year 2040. In 1940, the proportion of people aged 65 or more stood at only 5% in Japan, approximately 7% in Sweden and 9% in the U.S. However, while the figures for U. S. A. and Sweden grew to about 15% in 1990, the figure for Japan dipped to only 2. 5% for much of this period before rising to almost 5% again at the present time. It is expected that, the proportion of the elderly will contin ue to increase in the next two decades in the three countries. A most dramatic increase is predicted between 2030 and 2040 in Japan, by which time it is projected that the proportion of the elderly will be standardised to all the three countries. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 20 Cambridge 5 test 4The charts below show the main reasons for study among students of different age groups and the amount of support they received from their employers. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. Two column graphs are given. The first column graph shows the proportion of people of different age groups who studied for career or for interest. The second graph shows the amount of support they got from their employers in terms of time off or fees. From the first graph it is clear that there is a gradual decrease in study for career reasons with age.Nearly 80% of students under 26 years, study for their career. This percentage gradually declines by 10-20% every decade. Only 40% of 40-49yr olds and 18% of over 49yr olds study for career reasons. In contrast, the study because of interest increases with age. There are only 10% of under 26yr olds studying out of interest. The percentage increases slowly till the beginning of the fourth decade, and increases dramatically in late adulthood. Nearly same number of 40-49yr olds study for career and interest. However 70% of over 49yr olds study for interest in comparison to 18% studying for career reasons in that age group.The second graph shows that employer support is maximum (approximately 60%) for the under 26yr students. It drops rapidly to 32% up to the third decade of life, and then increases in late adulthood up to about 44%. It is unclear whether employer support is only for career-focused study, but the highest level is for those students who mainly study for career purposes. This ends my report. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 under 26 26-29 30-39 40-49 over 49 % Age Reasons for study according to age of student For career For interest 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 under 26 26-29 30-39 40-49 over 49 % AgeEmployer support, by age group (Time off and help with fees) kiransielts. blogspot. com 21 Cambridge 6 Test 1 The graph and table below give information about wet use human beingwide and pee consumption in two different countries. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Water consumption in Brazil and congo in 2000 Country Population Irrigated land Water consumption per person Brazil 176 million 26,500 km 2 359 m 3 Democratic Republic of Congo 5. 2 million 100 km 2 8 m 3 A line graph and a table are given.The line graph shows the water used worldwide in industries, agriculture and in households from 1900 to 2000. The table shows the water consumption in Brazil and Congo in 2000. It is clear from the line graph that throughout the century, the largest quantity of water was used for agricultural Purposes, and this increased dramatically from about 500 km? to around 3,000 km? in the year 2000. Water used in the industrial and domestic sectors also increased, but consumption was minimal until mid-century. From 1950 onwards, industrial use grew steadily to just over 1,000 km? , while domestic use rose more slowly to only three hundred km? both far below the levels of consumption by agriculture. The table illustrates the differences in agriculture consumption in Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2000. The amount of irrigated land in Brazil was 26,500 km? whereas that in the D. R. C. was only 100 km?. This means that a huge amount of water was used in agriculture in Brazil, and this is reflected in the figures for water consumption per person 359 m? compared with only 8 m? in the Congo. With a population of 176 million, the figures for Brazil indicate how high agriculture water consumption can be in some countries.This ends my rep ort. kiransielts. blogspot. com 22 Cambridge 6 test 2 The table below gives information about changes in modes of travel in England between 1985 and 2000. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Average surmount in miles travelled per person per year by mode of travel 1985 2000 Walking 255 237 Bi pedal 51 41 Car 3,199 4,806 Local bus 429 274 commodious blank space bus 54 124 Train 289 366 Taxi 13 42 Other 450 585 All modes 4,740 6,475The given table demonstrates the different modes of travel in England in 15 years from 1985 to 2000. In general, some modes gained popularity while the others became less popular. The travel modes which gained popularity in the period included cars, long distance buses, trains, taxis and others. Cars remained top among the modes in the 15 years, with their average miles increasing considerably from 3,199 in 1985 to 4,806 in 2000. The average miles covered by distance buses and taxis trebled over the period. Travelling on foot, by bicycles and by local buses lost popularity in the one and a half decade.Average travelling distance by local buses suffered the biggest decrease, dropping from 429 to 274, whilst the number of miles covered on foot and bikes fell mildly from 255 to 237 and from 51 to 41 respectively. Despite the decreases, however, the total miles travelled grew from 4,740 to 6,475. Overall, the total travelling distance in the country grew in 15 years. Cars, long distance buses, trains, taxis and other modes of travel were more popular and walking, bicycling and local transportation less popular. kiransielts. blogspot. com 23 Cambridge 6 test 3The diagrams below show the life cycle of the silkworm and the stages in the production of silk cloth. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Two processes are given. The cyclical process shows the lifecycle of the silkworm. The linear proce ss shows the production of silk cloth. It can be seen from the first diagram that there are four main stages in the life of the silkworm. early of all, eggs are produced by the moth and it takes ten days for each egg to become a silkworm larva that feeds on mulberry leaves.This stage lasts for up to six weeks until the larva produces a cocoon of silk rove around itself. After a period of about three weeks, the adult moths eventually emerge from these cocoons and the life cycle begins again. The cocoons are used for the production of silk cloth. First of all, they are boiled in water and the threads can be separated by unwinding them. Each thread is between 300 and 900 metres long. The threads are then twisted together, dyed and finally used to produce cloth in the weaving stage.Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silkworm can be used to produce silk cloth through a very simple process. kiransielts. blogspot. com 24 CAMBRIDGE 6 TEST 4 The charts below give infor mation about USA marriage and divorce rates between 1970 and 2000, and the marital status of adult Americans in two of the years. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Number of marriages and divorces in the U. S. A. 1970-2000 Marital status of adult Americans, 1970 and 2000The two bar charts compare the number of married and divorced people in USA over a span of 30 years from 1970 to 2000 and the overall marital status of US adults in 1970 and 2000. As can be seen from the first chart, over the period of 30 years, the number of marriages experienced a steady fall while the number of divorces fluctuated. To begin with, in 1970 and 1980, the number of marriages in USA stood at 2. 5 million. However, divorces were 1 million in 1970 and increased to 1. 4 million in 1980. There was a steady fall in the numbers of marriages after 1980 and the number reached 2 million by 2000. Divorces decreased slightly from 1. millio n in 1990 to 1 million in 2000. The year 1980 witnessed the greatest number of divorces and meanwhile, the number of divorces in 2000 drew even with that in 1970. As we look at the other chart, we see that the percentages of those who were never married increased from 14% to 20% and those who chose to end their marriages by divorce increased from 1% to 9% by 2000. In terms of the other two categories, namely, married and widowed, the figures for 1970 were higher than those for 2000. The percentage of married decreased from 70% to 60% and those widowed decreased from 6% to 5% over the years. This ends my report. 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 3 1970 1980 1990 2000 millions Marriages Divorces 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Never married MarriedWidowedDivorced Percentage of adults 1970 2000 kiransielts. blogspot. com 25 Cambridge 7 test 1 The table below gives information on consumer spending on different items in five different countries in 2002. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting th e main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Percentage of national consumer expenditure by category 2002 Country Food/Drinks/tobacco Clothing/Footwear Leisure/Education Ireland 28. 91% 6. 43% 2. 21% Italy 16. 6% 9. 00% 3. 20% Spain 18. 80% 6. 51% 1. 98% Sweden 15. 77% 5. 40% 3. 22% Turkey 32. 14% 6. 63% 4. 35% The given table illustrates the amount of money spent by the Irish, Italians, Spanish, Swedes and Turks on different items in 2002. Overall, it can be seen that people of all countries spent the maximum on food/drinks and tobacco and the minimum on leisure and education. The people of Turkey spent approximately a third of their income (32. 14%) on food, drink and tobacco which was fast followed by the people of Ireland at 28. 91%. The Italians, Spanish and Swedes spent 15-20 % on these items.The Italians outstripped all others in spending on clothing and footwear. They spent 9% on these items whereas all others spent between 5% and 7% on these items. All the countr ies spent the least amount on leisure and education (less than 5%). However the Spanish spent below 2% on these which was the lowest among all. It can be said that in 2002, the consumer expenditure on various items had some similarities and some differences. kiransielts. blogspot. com 26 Cambridge 7 test 2 The graph below shows the consumption of fish and some different kinds of meat in a European country between 1979 and 2004.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. The given line graph illustrates the changes in the amounts of beef, lamb, wimp and fish consumed in a particular European country between 1979 and 2004. In 1979 beef was by far the most popular of these foods, with about 225 grams consumed per person per week. Lamb and chicken were eaten in similar quantities (around 150 grams), while much less fish was consumed (just over 50 grams). However, during this 25-year period the consumption of beef and lamb fell dramatically to approximately 100 grams and 55 grams respectively.The consumption of fish also declined, but much less significantly to just below 50 grams. Therefore, although it remained the least popular food, consumption levels were the most stable. The consumption of chicken, on the other hand, showed an upward trend, overtaking that of lamb in 1980 and that of beef in 1989. By 2004 it had soared to almost 250 grams per person per week. Overall, the graph shows how the consumption of chicken increased dramatically while the popularity of these other foods decreased over the period. kiransielts. blogspot. com 27 Cambridge 7 test 3The chart below shows information about changes in average house prices in five different cities between 1990 and 2002 compared with the average house prices in 1989. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Percentage change in average house prices in five cities 1990-2002 compa red with 1989 The given column graph illustrates the changes in average house prices in five different cities located in five different countries from 1990 to 2002 as compared to the prices in 1989. There were considerable variations in the average house prices over the period.During the period from 1990 to 1995, the average house prices fell significantly by 5% in New York(U. S. A. ), 7. 5% each in Tokyo(Japan) and London(U. K. ) whereas the average house prices increased slightly by 2% and 2. 5% in Madrid (Spain) and Frankfurt(Germany) respectively. In the next seven year period, the average house prices fell only in Tokyo by 5% whereas the prices increased in all other four cities. The increase was most pronounced in London, where it was 12%. In all other cities it was below 5%, the least (2%) being in Frankfurt.It is clear that the average house prices picked up most in the latter seven years of this 12 year period. kiransielts. blogspot. com 28 Cambridge 7 test 4 The pie charts below show units of electricity production by fuel source in Australia and France in 1980 and 2000. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. The given pie charts compare the sources of electricity in Australia and France in the years 1980 and 2000. Between these years electricity production almost doubled, rising from 100 units to 170 in Australia, and from 90 to 180 units in France.In 1980 in Australia, a total of 100 units of electricity were produced out of which half the amount of electricity was produced from coal and the rest was produced from inborn gas, hydro power (each producing 20 units) and oil (which produced only 10 units). By 2000, coal was used to produce more than 75% of electricity and only hydro continued to be another significant source supplying approximately 20%. A negligible amount (2 units each) was produced from oil and natural gas. In contrast, France used coal as a source for only 25 uni ts of electricity in 1980, which was matched by natural gas.The remaining 40 units were produced largely from oil and nuclear power, with hydro contributing only 5 units. But by 2000, nuclear power, which was not used at all in Australia, had developed into the main source, producing almost 75% of electricity, at 126 units, while coal and oil together produced only 50 units. Other sources were no longer significant. Overall, it is clear that by 2000 these two countries relied on different principal fuel sources Australia relied on coal and France on nuclear power. kiransielts. blogspot. com 29 GRAPHS FROM IELTS BOOKS ill-treat up to IELTSThe pictures below show how someone can be tracked using an electronic tracking device. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown. The diagram illustrates how an electronic tracking device can be fitted to someones clothing or hidden in a clench, in order to allow that person to be tracked and located. There are thr ee basic stages to the process. The first stage in the tracking process is to hide the device (the tracker) in an appropriate place such as a bag or the persons clothing. The location of the device is monitored by satellite. A message is transmitted from the device to a transmission tower.It is received and then re-transmitted as a text message to a mobile phone indicating exactly where the person is. His or her location can also be picked up on a computer / internet website. The device is able to provide details such as the name of the street or pinpoint a particular(prenominal) place on a map/screen. A device of this nature could be very effective as a means of tracking and lieu someone such as a school child. kiransielts. blogspot. com 30 Step up to IELTS The diagram below contains information about distribution of water habitude in Australia and the average household water wont in Australia.Write a report for a university lecturer.. A. Distribution of water usage in Australi a B. Average household water usage in Australia The given column graph and pie chart relate to different aspects of water consumption in Australia. The column graph provides an overview of how water is used generally, whereas the pie chart gives a breakdown of household water usage. From the column graph we can see that a slightly higher percentage of water goes on irrigation than on urban usage, 45 per cent in fact, while the proportion of water used in industry is approximately 10 per cent, is far smaller than in either of these other areas.From the chart we can see that by far the largest proportion of domestic water, well over 50% in fact, goes into gardens and swimming pools. Drinking and cooking account for a smaller volume of water consumption than personal hygiene and clothes washing, which together make up about 25%. A very small percentage of water is used for other purposes which are not identified in the chart. When read together, the two charts provide a useful overview of water use in Australia. 0 10 20 30 40 50 Urban usage Irrigation Industry Other Purposes for which water is used ( is shown as percentage of total) Gardens / wimming pools personal hygeine washing clothes drinking / cooking Other Gardens / swimming pools personal hygeine washing clothes drinking / cooking Other kiransielts. blogspot. com 31 Step up to IELTS The diagrams below contain information about land and light penetration under the ocean. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. The two diagrams illustrate the shape and formation of the land under the sea. The first profile provides a cross section of the coast of a continent beneath the surface of the sea, and illustrates that the continental shelf oes to a depth of approximately 200 metres below sea level. The land then drops abruptly to the bottom of the ocean, which is known as the sea floor. The second diagram focuses on the depth of the ocean and the amount of light that penetra tes to the bottom. ocean level is shown as 0 m and the first 200 m below the surface is referred to as the sunlight zone. This is where the continental shelf ends. Below this is the dusky zone, which descends for 800 m. The water temperature shown is approximately 5C in this zone. The area between 1000 m and 4000 m is known as the dark zone, with a water temperature of I-2C.Almost no light can penetrate this far down. Profile across the sea coast of a continent (not to scale) Depth zones of the ocean kiransielts. blogspot. com 32 Step up to IELTS The chart and graph below give information about sales and share prices for Coca-Cola. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. Two graphs are given. The pie chart shows the worldwide distribution of sales of Coca-Cola in the year 2000 and the line graph shows the change in share prices between 1996 and 2001. In the year 2000, Coca-Cola sold a total of 17. 1 billion cases of their fizzy drink product worldwide.The largest consumer was North America, where 30. 4 per cent of the total volume was purchased. The second largest consumer was Latin America. Europe and Asia purchased 20. 5 and 16. 4 per cent of the total volume respectively, while Africa and the midpoint East remained fairly small consumers at 7 per cent of the total volume of sales. Form the line graph it is clear that since 1996, share prices for Coca-Cola have fluctuated. In that year, shares were valued at approximately $35. Between 1996 and 1997, however, prices rose significantly to $70 per share. They dipped a little in mid-1997 and then peaked at $80 per share in mid-98.From then until 2000 their value fell systematically but there was a slight rise in mid-2000. This ends my report. North America , 30. 4 Latin America, 25. 7 Europe, 20. 5 Asia, 16. 4 Africa and Middle East, 7 A lot of bottles -Coca-Colas unit case volume by region, 2000, % of total ( Total -17. 1 bn) kiransielts. blogspot. com 33 Step up to I ELTS The chart below gives information about global sales of games software, CDs and DVD or video. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information. ? You should write at least 150 words. ? You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.The given column graph shows the sales of video material / DVDs, games software and CDs around the world in billions of dollars from 2000 to 2003. It can be seen that the sales of videos / DVDs and games software increasedconsiderably, while the sales of CDs went down slightly over the three year period. Between 2000 and 2003, the sale of videos and DVDs rose by approximately 13 billion dollars. In 2000, just under 20 billion dollars worth of these items were sold, but in 2003, this figure had risen to a little over 30 billion dollars. The sales of games software also rose during this period, but less sharply.Sales increased from about 13 billion dollars in 2000 to just under 20 billion dollars three years later. By contrast, durin g the same time period, the sale of CDs fell from 35 billion dollars in 2000 to about 32. 5 billion dollars in 2003. kiransielts. blogspot. com 34 Step up to IELTS The tables below show average periodical temperatures and rainfall for two cities in Australia. Describe the charts and make comparisons where relevant. Average yearly temperatures and rainfall for Brisbane and Melbourne in Australia Brisbane climate Jan. Apr. July Oct. Max C 29 27 21 26 Min C 21 17 11 16Rainfall mm 169 86 66 102 Rainy days 14 11 7 10 Melbourne climate Jan. Apr. July Oct. Max C 26 20 13 20 Min C 14 11 4 9 Rainfall mm 48 57 49 67 Rainy days 8 12 15 14 The given tables compare the average annual temperatures and rainfall for two cities Brisbane and Melbourne in Australia. It can be seen from the tables that there are some similarities and some differences in the climates. Brisbane and Melbourne have similar climates. However, we can see from the information provided that Brisbane is warmer than Melbourne a lthough the differences in temperature are not huge.One interesting point is that the temperature in Brisbane never falls below 11 C, even in winter in July. Melbourne on the other hand experiences colder winters with average minimum temperatures as low as 4. Both Melbourne and Brisbane have good annual rainfall. Brisbane, however, receives almost twice as much rain as Melbourne, while it has fewer wetter days. The wettest months in both cities are January and October, although neither city has a totally dry season, according to the data. So we can see that the climates of both cities have some similarities and some variations. iransielts. blogspot. com 35 Step up to IELTS The graph below shows the world oil production since 1980 with a forecast till 2020. Write a report . The graph gives the past, present and future data concerning the production of the worlds oil in OPEC and non-OPEC countries. The figures show that while the production of oil in Middle easterly OPEC countries is predicted to increase considerably, oil production elsewhere is likely to fall. Between 1980 and 2000, most of the worlds oil came from non-OPEC countries only two million position were produced by OPEC countries.Since then these figures have changed considerably. Between 2000 and 2010, it is shown that approximately 10 million has come from Middle Eastern OPEC countries, while a further 10 million barrels has been provided by other OPEC or non-OPEC countries. It is predicted that oil production is likely to stabilise between 2010 and 2020. However, a lot more of this oil is expected to come from the Middle Eastern OPEC countries, and under 5 million barrels per day from other areas. 0 5 10 15 20 1980-2000 2000-2010 2010-2020 Forecast in the world oil production -million barrels / dayNon OPEC Other OPEC OPEC Middle east kiransielts. blogspot. com 36 Prepare for IELTS AC The following diagram shows northward sources and concentration levels in the groundwater of a coastal city. Sum marise the information by selecting and reporting the main features. This diagram shows the sources and concentration levels of nitrogen in the groundwater of a coastal city. It can be seen from the diagram that nitrogen is oxidised by lightning or fixed by vegetation. Domestic wastes and fertilizers used in gardens also channel to the nitrogen in the water table.Industries add nitrogen through leaks from storage tanks and wastewater ponds, and the disposal of waste in landfills may lead to more nitrogen entering the water table. The heaviest concentration of nitrogen comes from industry, from household liquid waste, and from landfill. The groundwater flows toward the sea and discharges into the ocean in the groundwater discharge zone. From the water table, some nitrogen is taken up by soil particles. Nitrogen is also added back to the soil by de-nitrification and degassing of ammonia.Therefore the concentration tends to decrease near the saltwater interface and between the areas o f high concentration of nitrogen which descend from industry and waste disposal. In this way the nitrogen cycle goes on. kiransielts. blogspot. com 37 Prepare for IELTS AC Insearch The table below shows consumer preferences for the features of automatic washing machines in different countries. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. EXHIBIT ONE CONSUMER PREFERENCES AS TO AUTOMATIC WASHING MACHINE FEATURES, BY COUNTRY FEATURES UNITEDKINGDOM GERMANY FRANCE SWEDEN Shell dimensions height and width 34 & delimit 34 & wide 34 & delimit 34 & wide Drum material Enamel Stainless steel Enamel Stainless steel shipment Top Front Front Front Capacity 5 kilos 6 kilos 5 kilos 6 kilos Spin speed 700 rev 850 rpm 600 rpm 800 rpm Water heating system Yes No No Yes Styling features Inconspicuous appearance Indestructible appearance Elegant appearance Strong appearance Washing action Agitator Tumble Agitator Tumble The table show s consumer preferences for washing machines in four different European countries.In the United Kingdom UK) and France consumers prefer 34 and narrow shells whereas in Germany and Sweden they prefer 34 and wide shells. The load capacity varies slightly between 5 and 6 kilos. The preferred spin speed ranges from 850 rpm Germany, 800 rpm Sweden, 700 rpm UK, to 600 rpm France. The preferred drum material is enamel in the UK and France whereas it is stainless steel in the other countries. Consumers in every country notwithstanding the UK prefer front loading to top loading machines. The British and the Swedes opt for a water heating system, but this is not so elsewhere.Each country has a different preference for styling features, the British favouring an inconspicuous appearance, the Germans requiring a machine which looks indestructible, the French an elegant machine and the Swedes a strong-looking machine. The final feature, the washing action, sees a division between the UK and Franc e where consumers prefer an agitator, and the other countries where a tumble action is preferred. This ends my report. kiransielts. blogspot. com 38 Prepare for IELTS AC Insearch The following graphs give information about the Gross Domestic harvest-time (GDP) and employment sectors of a developing country.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Sectoral distribution of employment and GDP,1992 Employment GDP Natural Resources 77. 4% 19. 2% Industry 3. 6% 15. 4% Services Trade, restaurants, hotels 4. 9% 37. 1% Transport. communication 1. 6% 8. 4% Government 8. 7% 12. 5% Other 3. 8% 7. 4% TOTAL 100% 100% The table shows the percentage of people employed in different sectors of the economy in 1992, and the percentage of GDP which they produced. The main stinting sectors are natural resources, industry and services.The line graph shows the trends in the percentage of GDP between 1986 and 1995. The first graph reveal s that although 77. 4% of the population worked in natural resources in 1992, they produced only 19. 2% of GDP. However, the 3. 6% of the population who worked in industry produced 15. 4% of GDP, and the 15. 2% who worked in the service sector produced 58% of GDP. The second graph shows that the percentage of GDP in the services sector fell steadily from approximately 65% to 53%. In 1986 natural resources provided more than 25% of GDP, but this declined to less than 20% in 1992, recovered in 1993 but fell below 20% in 1995.Industry earned less than 10% of GDP in 1986, but rose to almost 20% in 1995. The two graphs reveal that GDP was earned primarily by the service sector. kiransielts. blogspot. com 39 Prepare for IELTS AC Insearch The graphs below show the enrolment of overseas students and local students in Australian universities over a ten year period. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Enrolments 1989-1 999 The two graphs show student enrolment trends over a ten-year period, from 1989-1999, in Australian universities.The first graph illustrates overseas student enrolments and the second local student enrolments. The first graph clearly shows that new overseas students continue to enrol in Australian universities. In 1999 there were approximately 80,000 overseas students around half of whom were new students). The rate of increase in the number of overseas students has been dramatic, doubling every five years, from just under 9,000 in 1989, to 20,000 in 1994 and then over 40,000 in 1999. The local student population was around 600,000 in 1999 with just 200,000 of these being new students.This was just 33% of the local total. It was a significant decline from 50% ten years before, when the total local student population was 400,000 out of which approximately 200,000 were new students. The trends clearly demonstrate that growth can be expected to continue from overseas students but no t for local students. The two graphs clearly demonstrate increasing demand for Australian university education by overseas students increasing 400% with a significantly smaller increase by local students just 50%J for this period. kiransielts. blogspot. com 40 Prepare for IELTS AC InsearchThe graphs below show the post-school qualifications held by Australians in the age groups 25 to 34 and 55 to 69. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting main features, and make comparisons where relevant. POST SCHOOL QUALIFICATIONS 357,500 Australians aged between 25 and 34 hold a degree. Their main fields of study were 104,800 Australians aged between 55 and 69 hold a degree. Their main fields of study were These two pie charts show the differences between two groups of Australians 25 to 34 and 55 to 69 year olds in terms of their post-school qualifications.The most striking feature of the pie charts is the huge number of people with qualifications. The younger group is more than t hree times bigger than the older group 347,500 compared to 104,800). Comparing the two groups, architecture and euphony were less popular with younger graduates medicine was lower in popularity by almost 4%. However, the biggest loss was to engineering, which was preferred by 19. 27% of the older age group as compared to 9. 35% of the younger age group. Some subjects were more popular with the younger age group.The biggest gains in graduate numbers were made by Science, Maths and Computers which, as a group, were held by 18. 19%. Administration was 4. 1% more popular in the 25 to 34 year olds. To sum up, the graphs show that the number of young graduates were threefold more than the number of older graduates. Social Sciences, Arts, 19. 48% other, 2. 24% law, 5. 54% medicine, 7. 40% Architecture, 1. 85% Engineering, 9. 36% Veterinary, Agriculture, 2. 10% Science, Mths, Computers, 18. 19 % Education, 14. 76% Administration, 19. 08% Social Sciences, Arts, 20. 42% other, 2. 48% law, 3. 34% medicine, 11. 31% Architecture, 2. 92% Engineering, 19. 7% Veterinary, Agriculture, 2. 00% Science, Mths, Computers, 10. 11 % Education, 13. 17% Administration, 14. 98% kiransielts. blogspot. com 41 Ac task 1 High Impact The graph shows typical levels in enthusiasm, confidence and ability of students attending a ten week IELTS class. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information given below. The given line graph shows the changes in three factors affecting students over a ten week period in an IELTS class. Overall it can be seen that ability increases a lot over the ten week period and confidence also increases but enthusiasm drops over the time.The most striking point is that at the beginning of the course, students enthusiasm is almost 100 per cent whereas confidence and ability are only slightly preceding(prenominal) 20 per cent. Over the first four weeks, both confidence and ability increase, while enthusiasm declines steadily until the sixth week. Co nfidence takes a sharp fall but then rises