How did the supernatural impacted Macbeth? Essay

The supernatural reflected the atmosphere and the beliefs of Scotland and much of Europe in the sixteenth century. Macbeth is a story that is completely engulfed with supernatural elements. It is more a supernatural story than it is drama. Madness, mayhem and horror are all words that best describe this play. Three hideous witches, a floating dagger and apparitions are all supernatural elements that the reader finds in Macbeth. Most importantly, these elements are major causes of Macbeths path of ambition, murder madness and his ultimate downfall. As the story progresses we see the supernatural events change location starting from the witches cavern to Macbeths castle. All this shows that Macbeth is highly dependent and seduced by the supernatural. The opening scene of Macbeth begins with the three witches meeting on the heath and describing the atmosphere, where Fair is foul, and foul is fair (Act 1 scene 1). This implies that what appears good is bad and what appears bad is good. It also shows that witches will become a central figure in setting the tone of the play which hovers through the fog and filthy air. Throughout the story, the witches prophesy and foreshadow everything that will happen to Macbeth and what he will do. Macbeth will eventually come to them more and more to know what lies ahead for him in the future. From a heath near the forest, the witches give prophesy and the reader clues in what destiny lies for Macbeth. It is the witches who tell him that he will be Thane of Cawdor and shalt be King hereafter! (Act 1 scene 3). Macbeth is shocked at this news considering the Thane of Cawdor is still alive at the time. This shows that Macbeth was not yet showing ambition or hunger for power but the witches had planted the seed that would lead to his eventual destruction. The witches also prophesy in this scene that Macbeths friend and comrade Banquo will have sons who will claim the throne after Macbeth and be lesser than Macbeth and greater (Act 1 scene 2). This gives the clue that Macbeths line might be short-lived and that once he is gone there will be no more of his descendants on the throne. When Lady Macbeth learns of all this news through a letter sent by her husband, she immediately sees a promising future but fears her husband is  too full of the milk of human kindness (Act 1 scene 5) to destroy those who lie in his path to ultimate power. It is Lady Macbeth who really triggers the evil side of Macbeth. As the story progresses however, we see the tables turn as she becomes tormented by her own guilt while her husband kills without conscience. We do not see the witches again until the end of Act 3 when their leader, Hecate, is angry with them for telling Macbeth his future without her permission. In order to make amends she orders the witches to create more spells to give Macbeth overconfidence as you all know security is mortals chiefest enemy (Act 3 scene 5). Another supernatural element that Shakespeare uses in the play represents Macbeths guilt and beginning of his madness is through the floating daggers in Act 2, which occur in Macbeths own home whilst King Duncan was guest. Before Macbeth commits the murder of King Duncan, he sees a bloody dragger that leads him to Duncans room. Macbeth questions if the dagger is real or a dagger of the mind, a false creation (Act 2 scene 1), in other words it is a hallucination. This dagger makes it so Macbeth cannot resist killing Duncan. It also brings the supernatural from outside to inside the castle. Shakespeare uses the influence of apparitions twice in his story. One of the apparitions is of the recently murdered Banquo. This ghost visits Macbeth at the banquet right after Macbeth learns that Banquos death was successfully committed by one of the hired murders. Macbeth is shocked and badly shaken by this apparition and looks like a fool to his party guests. The dominating Lady Macbeth tries to calm him down and reassures the guests telling them Think of this, good peers, but as a thing of custom, tis no other, (Act 3 scene 4). This is a turning point in the story as it shows the beginning of Macbeths descent into Madness. Macbeth continues his obsessive dependence on the witches predictions as he once again in a cavern in Act 4. The witches conjure up three apparitions. The first is an armed head that tells Macbeth to Beware Macduff! Beware the Thane of Fife. The scond apparition is a bloody child that says that none of  woman born shall harm Macbeth. The third is a child crowned with a tree in his hand that predicts Macbeth shall never vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill shall come against him (Act 4 scene 1). All of these apparitions give Macbeth a sense of overconfidence which untimely leads to his downfall. From these Macbeth comes to the conclusion that all men are born of women, so therefore he thinks that nobody can kill him. He also assumes that forests cannot literally move, so that should not be a problem to him either. The story shows however, that the soldiers fighting against him camouflage themselves with boughs from trees looking like a moving forest, and that Macduff was from his mothers womb untimely ripped (Act 5 scene 8). From all these examples it can be seen that the supernatural has a great influence on Macbeths rise to power and his fall from power. We see that his growing obsessive reliance on the witches prophesies causes him over confidence which leads to his ultimate demise. We also see Macbeth descend into evil and being seduced by the supernatural, by having supernatural events change location. All of these elements show the causes of Macbeths path of ambition, murder, madness and finally his total self-destruction. Bibliography Macbeth (William Shakespeare)Oxford companion to Shakespeare (Dobson)

Exercise Intervention Anxiety Disorder Health And Social Care Essay

Background: The wellness benefits of exercising are good documented and these effects could assist people with anxiousness upset, affectional and temper upset, and substances abuse. Mental upsets are major public wellness significance. It has been claimed that vigorous physical activity has positive effects on mental wellness in both clinical and nonclinical populations. This paper reviews the grounds for this claim and provides recommendations for future surveies. Aims: To find the mental wellness effects of exercising for people with anxiousness upset, affectional and temper upset, and substances use upset. Search Scheme: Clinical tests on anxiousness upset, affectional and temper upset, and substances use upset ( August 2010 ) were searched based on Cochraine, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PsycheArticles, Sport Discuss, and PubMed database. Mentions from relevant documents were besides inspected. Choice Standards: All randomized controlled tests comparing any intercession where physical activity or exercising was considered to be the chief or active ingredient with standard attention or other interventions for people with anxiousness upset, affectional and temper upset, and substances use upset. Data Collection & A ; Analysis: Citations and abstract were inspected and the quality is assessed, and the informations were extracted. Main consequence: Ten randomised clinical tests met the inclusion standards. Tests assessed the effects of exercising on physical and mental wellness for affective/mood and anxiousness upset, besides the ingestion alteration on illicit drugs and intoxicant. Overall figure go forthing the tests were & lt ; 50 % . Most tests use exercising as accessory intervention to standard attention and found important ( p & lt ; 0.05 ) consequence of exercising towards better mental province and habit-forming behaviour. Exercise were found to better physical fittingness ( VO2 max = 0.48 mlO2/min ) . There is no important consequence of exercising activity and strength in anxiousness upset but important for depression and substance usage upset ( DASS Cohen ‘s vitamin D = 0.82, Depression: d= 0.57, Anxiety d= 0.92, Stress d= 0.76 ; PDA & gt ; 60 % ) . Exercise consequence is higher than standard attention entirely or accessory intervention with speculation. Exercise dose differs for underlying fitness degree, p hysical well-being, and age. Green environment act as accelerator while smoking behavior block the fittingness result. Background There are about 450 million people suffered from mental and behavioural upsets worldwide. One individual in four will develop one or more of these upsets during their life-time [ 1 ] . Mental upsets contribute to about 11 % of 1996 disease load worldwide and it is predicted that it will increase up to 15 % in 2020 [ 2 ] . By looking at local context, about half of Australian population experience mental unwellness at some point of their life-time [ 3 ] , which contribute 13.3 % of the entire state load of disease and hurt in 2003 [ 4 ] . A good mental wellness enable single to manage daily events and obstructions, work on their ends, and map efficaciously in society. Minor perturbations in mental wellness could with detain early intercession will non merely a suffered to the person but besides a load to their households and society well. The economic and personal costs of mental unwellness are besides the major concerned in societal and public wellness. Exercise was believed to heighten person ‘s ability to get by with and pull off their mental upset apart from its good documented physical wellness benefit. Improved quality of life is peculiarly of import for persons with terrible and digesting mental wellness jobs as exercising may relieve depression, low self-pride and societal backdown. A Mental upset is normally determined through clinical diagnosings utilizing the ICD10 or DSM-IV standards. In Australia, anxiousness upset, affectional and temper upset and substances maltreatment are the chief mental upset in this state [ 3 ] therefore will be used in this reappraisal. Description of the status Anxiety Disorder Anxiety upsets are a group of unwellnesss characterized by relentless feelings of high anxiousness, utmost uncomfortableness and tenseness which will significantly interferes with their day-to-day life. Its frequently come out of the blue and presented with intense physical symptoms such as shortness of breath, palpitations, sudating, trembling, feelings of choking, sickness, abdominal hurt, giddiness, pins and acerate leafs, feelings of losing control and/or feelings of impending day of reckoning [ 4 ] . Anxiety upsets besides affect the manner a individual thinks, feels, and behaves. There is different figure of anxiousness upsets which include panic upset, agoraphobia, societal phobic disorder, generalized anxiousness upset, obsessive-compulsive upset, and post-traumatic emphasis upset, which most frequently begin in early maturity and common among adult females than work forces [ 5, 17 ] . It is reported that lifetime prevalence of entire anxiousness upset was 10.6 % – 16. 6 % [ 23 ] . Affectional Disorder Affectional upset characterized by dramatic alterations or extremes of temper which include frenzied or depressive episodes, and frequently combinations of the two. They may or may non hold psychotic symptoms such as psychotic beliefs, hallucinations, or other loss of contact with world [ 9 ] . This upset could be categorized into depression, dysthymic depression, passion, hypomania, and bipolar affectional upset [ 5 ] . For lifetime prevalence, the corresponding pooled incidence rates were 6.7 per 100, 3.6 per 100, and 0.9 per 100 for several major depressive upset ( MDD ) dysthymic depression upset and bipolar I disorder classs [ 16 ] . Substance usage upset Substance usage upset refers to mental and behavioural upset ensuing from psychotropic substance usage such as intoxicant, opoids, others stimulations, psychedelic drugs, baccy and volatile upsets [ 5 ] . The focal point of this paper will look at the survey on intoxicant and illicit drugs. In the short term, the person may comprehend these effects as rather desirable nevertheless, prolonged and heavy use may ensue in physical injury, dependence, and backdown jobs and long term psychological harm or societal injury. This will leads to poisoning, harmful usage, dependance, and psychotic upsets [ 5 ] . Harmful usage is diagnosed when harm has been caused to physical and mental wellness. Dependence syndrome involve strong desire to take substance and trouble in control the usage, physical backdown, tolerance, disregard of alternate pleasance and involvement, and relentless usage despite injury to self and others. Indicate prevalence of intoxicant usage upset has been estimated to be abo ut 1.7 % globally, which higher rate among work forces 2.8 % to adult females 0.5 % [ 18 ] . While, the load attributable to illicit drugs was estimated at 0.4 % of entire disease load, and economic cost of this harmful drugs dependants and usage in the United State has been estimated to be USD98 billion [ 22 ] . Exercise and mental wellness There is no individual mechanism has yet been found to adequately explicate the diverse scope of mental wellness effects possible through physical activity engagement. The plausible mechanisms for psychological alteration through physical activity and exercising autumn into one of three wide positions as explained by Mutrie ( 2003 ) where there is biochemical alterations such as increased degrees of neurotransmitters ; physiological alterations such as improved thermo-genesis, musculus and cardiovascular map and, suggested psychological alterations such as societal support, sense of liberty, improved perceptual experiences of competency, enhanced organic structure image, self-efficacy and distraction. Important of reappraisal There is a turning acknowledgment that physical activity can heighten mental wellness ( Faulkner 2005 ) . Regardless by this fact, there is still limited grounds to propose the effects of exercising on anxiousness upset, affectional and temper upset, and substances abuse reported in the population characterized by these mental unwellnesss. The intent of this reappraisal is to concentrate specifically on methodologically strict tests in updating current consensus refering the possible function of exercising in bettering the mental wellness of persons with anxiousness upset, affectional and temper upset, and substances use upset. Aim To find the mental wellness effects of exercising programmes for people with anxiousness upset, affectional and temper upset, and substances use upset, and factors that enhance the consequence. Method Types of participants Clinically diagnosed grownup ( aged 17 and supra ) with diagnosed anxiousness upset, affectional and temper upset, and substances abuse utilizing any standards, with any length of unwellness and in any intervention scene. Types of intercessions Physical activity or exercising will be the chief or active elements intercession studied in this reappraisal. As a consequence of most clinical topics is under intervention, intercession in concurrence with others will be considered every bit good. Only intercessions which address mental wellness result of exercising, its dose, and factors attribute to effectiveness will be included. Others exercise survey that potentially discussed the result of heightening physical exercising intercession on mental wellness position will besides will be included for prospective reappraisal. Types of result steps Results were groups harmonizing to appraisals of mental and physical wellness, and were grouped by different upsets, factors attribute to effectiveness, and dose exposure result. The primary result will be mental province mark. Search methods for designation of surveies Search is restricted to English literature will be used as more clip is needed for paper interlingual rendition. Electronic hunts The MEDLINE, PsychInfo, PsychArticles, PubMed, Cochrane, SportDiscuss, SAGE, Springerlink, and JSTOR articles and diary databases ( August 2010 ) were searched utilizing the phrase: [ ( physical* and ( therap* or intercession ) ) within the same field of rubric, abstract or index term Fieldss ) or ( ( fitness* or sport* or gym* or exercis* or * danc* ) in rubric, abstract and index Fieldss Reference ) or ( *exercise* or danc* or physical act* in intercessions field in Study ) ] and besides different phrases for upset studied is added in term, mention and survey field: anxiousness upset ( panic disorder*or agoraphobi*or societal phobi* or generalized anxiousness disorde* or obsessive-compulsive disorde*or post-traumatic emphasis disorde* ) , temper or affectional upset ( depressio*or dysthymi*or mani*or hypomani*or bipolar affectional disorde* ) , and substance usage upset ( alcoho*or cocain*or heroi*or ampletamin* or illicit dru* ) . Data aggregation and analysis In the choice procedure, abstracts of research documents were independently assessed by the hunts for relevancy. When abstract was ill-defined and dissensions occurred, the full study is required and the appraisal procedure repeated. With single-minded dissension, information is extracted from each survey and even from unpublished beginning for the intent of this reappraisal. Surveies are so independently assessed for its methodological quality base on sequence coevals ; allotment privacy ; blinding ; uncomplete result informations ; selective coverage of the consequences ; and any other prejudices identified. The criterion Risk Ratio and Odd ratios at 95 % assurance interval ( CI ) will be used as reading of intervention consequence. As a consequence of uninterrupted informations result in mental wellness tests are frequently non usually distributed, standards for inclusion is used where the standard divergences and agencies for the end point steps on evaluation graduated tables is obtained and the standard divergence ( SD ) , when multiplied by 2 had to be less than the average [ 19 ] . Even though some grade of loss to follow up informations must lose credibleness [ 19 ] , all test in the chief analysis will be included all. Merely survey with result of more than 50 % engagement will be interpreted. Consequence Consequences of the hunt There are about 264 electronics studies inspected and of these, 254 surveies were excluded on the footing of their abstracts. Ten randomized controlled tests ( Carta 2008 ; Jerome 2008 ; Oeland 2010 ; Doyne 1987 ; Kenzor 2008 ; Murphy 1986 ; Sinyor 1982 ; Merom 2007 ; Ng 2007 ; and Brown 2010 ) were included in this reappraisal. Extra 6 surveies ( Mackay 2009 ; Jokela 2010 ; van Hauvelen 2006 ; Perrino 2009 ; Brown 2005 ; and Tart 2010 ) were included for prospective position on exercising effectivity factors that could be used for execution of survey. Included surveies We included ten randomized controlled tests ( Carta 2008 ; Jerome 2008 ; Oeland 2010 ; Doyne 1987 ; Kenzor 2008 ; Murphy 1986 ; Sinyor 1982 ; Merom 2007 ; Ng 2007 ; and Brown 2010 ) . All surveies have been published since 1982 which illustrates turning attending to the function of exercising as a signifier of accessory therapy for the focussed mental unwellnesss. One survey ( Merom 2007 ) investigated the effects of an exercising programme on anxiousness upset where brisk walking exercising and others exercisings were implemented. The 8 -10 hebdomads plan lengths, with exercising dosage of & gt ; 30 proceedingss continuance, done five times per hebdomad have shown a singular lessening of anxiousness among patients in the intercession group. Compare with others mental illness surveies ; there are legion surveies on affectional and temper upset. Reviewed surveies shows that exercising does work to cut down depression and anxiousness in bipolar patients with merely one hr per hebdomad of simple group brisk walk exercising for 8 months lengths ( Carta 2008 ) ; and for major depression patient, the positive result were observed after 150 proceedingss per hebdomad group walking for 8 hebdomad length plan. Greater entire clip exposure will give better important result for bipolar patient ( Ng, 2007 ) and the badness of affective/mood psychiatric job does non act upon the exercising result ( Jerome, 2008 ) . Oeland et Al ( 2010 ) have demonstrate that, increased in physical activity will enormously leads towards better organic structure physiology alterations among these patient. Their depression degree were found to hold farther lessening with high degree strength exercising comparison to low denseness exercising at equality d osage ( 4 times per hebdomad with 60 proceedingss continuance ) of exposure ( Doyne 1987 ) . The chief result measured for Drugs and Alcohol usage upset is the per centum twenty-four hours abstention ( PDA ) . Structured group exercising were found leads towards better PDA result as accessory therapy for drugs nuts and alcoholic patients ( Murphy 1986 ; Sinyor 1982 ; Brown 2010 ) at the lower limit of 8 hebdomads intercession ( Murphy, 1986 ) to 12 months intercession ( Sinyor 1982 ) . The effectual dosage reported in these surveies is 20-70 proceedingss exercise modus operandi for the least one time a hebdomad. Unstructured exercising has demonstrated lower result in Kendzor ( 2008 ) and Sinyor ( 1982 ) surveies, verified by their several intercession group and control group result. 1. Methods: All tests were randomized. The continuance of the tests ranged between 8 hebdomads ( Murphy 1986 ) and 24 months ( Ng 2007 ) . 2. Participants: All tests included people diagnosed with anxiousness upsets, affectional or temper upsets, and intoxicant or drugs use upset utilizing DSM-IV standards ( Carta 2008 ; Jerome 2008 ; Oeland 2010 ; Doyne 1987 ; Kenzor 2008 ; Murphy 1986 ; Sinyor 1982 ; Merom 2007 ; Ng 2007 ; and Brown 2010 ) . Merely one survey does non utilize in- or outpatients ( Murphy 2007 ) . Participants ranged in age from 18 to 80 old ages. 3. Setting: Three surveies were conducted in community Centre ( Kendzor 2008 ; Murphy 1986 ; Sinyor 1982 ) , one offered in the university ( Doyne 1987 ) , and the remainder is offered in and outpatient services. 4. Study Size: The smallest sample size is 16 participants ( Brown 2010 ) and the largest figure of participants in sample is 620 people ( Kendzor 2008 ) . 5. Interventions: All survey utilizing exercising as their chief activity used to mensurate the result. The experimental conditions identified in each of the included surveies differed in exercising continuance and strength. The exercising activity strength are from a simple walking to high strength supervised structured aerophilic exercising. Most selected surveies implement consistent continuance of exercising 20-60 proceedingss five times per twenty-four hours for the least 8 hebdomads. Merely good structured supervised intercession implements increase strength ( Sinyor 1982 ; Brown 2010 ) . All exercising programmes were in add-on to participant ‘s usual attention except intercession in Murphy, Pagano and Marlat ( 1986 ) survey. 6. Control intercessions: Standard attention: Participants continued with their usual intervention in Carta 2008, and add-on with Group Cognitive behaviour therapy and merely instruction benefit of exercising for Merom 2007, Oeland 2010, Doyne 1987, Kendzor 2008, Sinyor 1982 and Brown 2010. There are two control groups in Murphy, Pagano & A ; Mariat ( 1986 ) survey which one group in speculation intercession while the others were non in either exercising or speculation. These participants were university pupil non with any intervention for inordinate intoxicant consumption. Merely Ng 2007 does non implement control in their intercession. 7. Results: Depression Anxiety Stress Scale ( DASS-21 ) is a 21 point self study questionnaire designed to mensurate the badness of a scope of symptoms common to both Depression and Anxiety. Each point is scored from 0 ( did non use to me at all over the last hebdomad ) to 3 ( applied to me really much or most of the clip over the past hebdomad ) . Merom 2007 and Ng 2007 used this graduated table. World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF Version ( WHOQOL-BREF ) is scale to measure physical wellness, psychological, societal dealingss and the environment on a five-point graduated table where 1 = hapless QofL and 5 = good QofL. Carta 2008 and Oeland 2010 usage this graduated table. The Clinical Global Impression – Badness graduated table ( CGI-S ) is a 7-point graduated table that requires the clinician to rate the badness of the patient ‘s unwellness at the clip of appraisal, comparative to the clinician ‘s past experience with patients who have the same diagnosing. Considering entire clinical experience, a patient is assessed on badness of mental unwellness at the clip of evaluation 1=normal, non at all ailment ; 2, boundary line mentally badly ; 3, mildly ill ; 4, reasonably sick ; 5, markedly ill ; 6, badly sick ; or 7, highly ill. Ng 2007 used this graduated table. The Clinical Global Impression – Improvement graduated table ( CGI-I ) is a 7 point graduated table that requires theA clinicianA to measure how much the patient ‘s unwellness has improved or worsened comparative to a baseline province at the beginning of the intercession. Rated as: 1, really much improved ; 2, much improved ; 3, minimally improved ; 4, no alteration ; 5, minimally worse ; 6, much worse ; or 7, really much worse. Ng 2007 used this graduated table. The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status ( RBANS ) is a screening battery designed to mensurate attending and treating velocity, expressive linguistic communication, visual-spatial and constructional abilities, and immediate and delayed memory.A Jerome 2008 used this measuring for to records schizophrenic patient activity. Symptoms Checklist-90 ( SCL-90 ) is used as a screening step of general psychiatric symptomatology. It includes dimensions mensurating somatization, obsessive-compulsive, depression, anxiousness, phobic anxiousness, ill will, interpersonal sensitiveness, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism. This was used by Jerome 2008 Center for Epidemiologic Studies depressive graduated table ( CES-D ) is a short self-report graduated table designed to mensurate depressive symptomatology in the general population. The points of the graduated table are symptoms associated with depression which have been used in antecedently validated longer scales.A It was found to hold really high internal consistence and equal test- retest repeatability. Cogency was established by forms of correlativities with other self-report steps, by correlativities with clinical evaluations of depression, and by relationships with other variables which support its concept cogency. This was used by Jerome 2008. Beck Depression InventoryA ( BDI ) is a 21-questionA multiple-choice self-report stock list, used for mensurating the badness ofA depression from a psychodynamicA position. In its questionnaire is designed for persons aged 13 and over and composed of points associating to symptoms of depression such as hopelessness and crossness, knowledges such as guilt or feelings of being punished, every bit good as physical symptoms such as weariness, A weight loss, and deficiency of involvement in sex. Used by Doyne 1987 and Kendzor 2008 Figure1: Methodological quality sum-up: reappraisal writers ‘ judgements about each methodological quality point for each included survey. Adequate Sequence Generation Allocation Concealment Blinding? Incomplete Outcome informations addressed Free of Selective Reporting Free of Others Bias Merom et Al 2007+++?+–Carta et Al 2008+++++–Ng et Al 2007+–+–Jerome et Al 2008+++–+–Oeland et Al 2010++++++Doyne et Al 1987+++++–Kendzor et Al 2008++––Murphy et Al 1986+++++–Sinyor et Al 1982+++–+–Brown et al 2010++?–+–Hazard of prejudice in included surveies Allotment: All survey reported as randomized. Blinding: None of the surveies were double-blinded. The reported consequences may overstate estimations of intervention consequence and None of the surveies reported any trial of blinding Incomplete result informations: Most of the surveies have withdrawal from the sample population as the highest reported were in Sinyor ( 1982 ) survey which about 60 % remains in the survey, which were due to self backdown from being participant after undergone first stage of intervention. Selective coverage: Most analyze describe the mean and standard divergence. Others beginning of prejudice: most of the survey have inclination of choice prejudice, measuring prejudice and mistake due to consequence of confusing particularly consequence of group therapy and regular undergone intervention. Discussion Ten surveies were included in this reappraisal. Overall, these surveies showed that exercising therapy can hold an impact on mental wellness results like mental province and general operation with no inauspicious effects. There are assorted surveies looking at the impact of exercising towards anxiousness in non-clinical samples utilizing DASS and SCL-90 inquiries tools, which were excluded for reappraisals apart from the ground of its non-clinical test survey design. Compare to usual intervention entirely and GCBT, prolonged and frequent exercising conducted in group for at least 8 hebdomads were significantly effectual in cut down anxiousness, depression and emphasis among patients diagnosed with generalised anxiousness upset, panic upset, and societal phobic disorder. Similar consequence was observed for bipolar upset and major depression in add-on to their usual intervention, irrespective of the psychiatric status badness and exercising strength ( Jerome 2008 ) . Clinical tests have shown high twenty-four hours abstention from drugs and intoxicant best occurs in good structured, high strength group exercising among alcoholic and drugs addict, in add-on to their usual intervention for the job. Kendzor 2008 survey has demonstrated there was no consequence of single low denseness physical activity towards cut downing the heavy imbibing wont. We could reason that, the minimal effectual dosage for exercising to mental position is 40-60 proceedingss session, repeated 3-5 times per hebdomad for uninterrupted 8 hebdomads continuance. This dose plants for low endurance brisk walking exercising with a proper warming up session. Increases in exercising strength will give better physical fittingness, and ideal weight direction. Type of exercising, its strength, and dosage is modified base on underlying fitness degree and age ( Jerome 2008 ; Jokela 2010 ; van Hauvelen 2006 ; Perrino 2009 ) . Others factors that could impact exercising effectivity is the exercising environment. Mackay & A ; Neill 2009 survey shows that there is important relationship between anxiousness alterations and green environment. Exercise strength works for depression ( Brown 2005 ; Jerome 2005 ) and substance usage upset ( Sinyor 1982 ; Brown 2010 ) but non for anxiousness ( Mackay & A ; Neill 2009 ) . It is found that smoking behaviour will detain exercising fittingness consequence ( Tart 2010 ) . AUTHOR ‘S Decision Deduction of pattern Peoples with mental unwellness The consequences of this reappraisal indicate that there are assorted benefits of exercising to persons with anxiousness upset, temper and affectional upset, and substance usage upset, which can better constituents of mental wellness by take parting in structured group exercising. Limited figure of surveies on proper strength and dosage of exercising towards the betterment of mental wellness for the different population group and underlying psychiatric jobs has cause troubles for medical practician to come out with clear counsel to the patient. Physician, physical therapist, professional physical trainers, and wellness pedagogue should be consulted for better support and advice towards implementing exercising as intervention intercession. It is clear from this survey that, exercising plants as accessory therapy for identified psychological jobs and high strength exercising work for substance maltreater and depression patient. The best consequence of exercising is that it conducted in group and being supervised. Patient with anxiousness does responds to high strength exercising but the consequence is non much different comparison to low strength exercising. Current guidelines for lifestyle activity and exercising appear do non truly work for the justified mental upsets. Therefore, roll uping 40-60 proceedingss of proper physical activity on most or all yearss of the hebdomad is a good guideline. This should be continued for lower limit of 8 hebdomads for a better mental position result. Cessation of smoke will further guarantee better wellness benefit. For physician, wellness pedagogue, physical therapist and professional physical trainers Regular exercising is known for its physical, mental, and societal benefits. It is a multidimensional attack that requires physician, wellness pedagogue, physical therapist and professional physical trainers to guarantee patients to go and remaining active for its physical and psychological benefit. Proper information guidelines to patients are indispensable in the long tally. Health practicians should besides be equipped with this latest information and every bit good stress on the safety of intercession to avoid negative consequence of exercising particularly muscle hurt if non decently done. Side consequence of medicine and structural barrier for intercession ( socio economic position, substructure ) every bit good as underlying medical status should besides be considered before recommend this intercession to the patients. In others word, exercising intercession is personalized to accommodate single state of affairs. For policy Structural barrier may restrict patient engagement into exercising intercession in mental upset intervention. It is shown from the surveies that patients with mental wellness have better opportunity to better their morbidity when adhere into exercising intercession as accessory intervention for their implicit in psychological jobs. Proper guidelines for wellness practicians and patients are required for better communicating to present the information for both. Multidisciplinary attack should be emphasized in this patterns which could profound positive impact on patients wellness and well-being. More clip is required to present and explicate this message to patient as the plan is personalized to suit single implicit in societal and physical well-being. Policymakers should see the execution of this multidisciplinary programmes approach within their several intervention installations. They should besides see to supply better exercising installations in the community therefore every bit good promotes green environment and the constitution of good structured community exercising group plan for a long term benefit. There is opportunities that uninterrupted exercising plan could be used as bar of acquired mental wellness jobs due to life-style alterations. More grounds on this is required and with such grounds support, cost benefit or cost effectual analysis of preventative exercising intercession in mental wellness could be established. In long-standing, this could be helpful in cut downing pharmaceutical cost for mental wellness in a state. Deduction for research General There are assorted established measuring used in describing mental wellness result therefore cause troubles to compare the survey consequences. It is recommended that in research pattern for mental wellness result, the measuring should be standardized. Specific It is of import in future for us to hold a clear define continuance, frequence and strength of exercising plan for each mental wellness upset ; sing the implicit in medical and physiological well-being of single. Survey on the alterations of fittingness degree due to the intercession is increasingly in patterns, and in any future research it should be reported in the record. Mental wellness is a complex subject where there is no clear cut point of disease and ever presented with a comorbid status of either other mental upset or chronic diseases. This should every bit good to be considered in future research particularly in intercession survey. It is besides a challenge in the research of this country to guarantee the determination is free from cofounding consequence of biological and societal diverseness in the complex planetary society. In the terminal, with the constitution of complete survey in mental wellness country could lend a better theoretical background to explicate the mec hanism of this variegation. This will assist every bit good towards low cost of intervention in mental wellness upset in the hereafter. Mentions 1. World Health Organization ( 2005 ) . Promoting Mental Health: Concepts, Emerging Evidence, Practice. Geneva: WHO Press. 2. Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care 2000, Promotion, Prevention and Early Intervention for Mental Health: A Monograph. Canberra: Mental Health and Special Programs Branch, Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care. 3. Australian Bureau of Statistics ( 2007 ) . National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Summary of Results. Canberra: ABS. 4. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare ( 2006 ) . Australia ‘s Health 2006. AIHW. Canberra: AIHW. 5. Australian Bureau of Statistic ( 2008 ) . National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Summary of Results. Canberra: ABS. 6. Jerome G.J, Young D.R, Dalcin A et.al ( 2009 ) . Physical Activity Levels of Persons with Mental Illness Attending Psychiatric Rehabilitation Programs. Schizophrenia Research. 2009 ; 108 ; 252-257 7. Tart C.D, Leyro T.M, Ritcher A, Zvolensky M.J, Rosenfield D, Smith J.A.J ( 2010 ) . Negative Affect as a Mediator of the Relationship between Vigorous-Intensity, Exercise and Smoking. Addictive Behaviors. 2010 ( 35 ) ; 580-585 8. Mackay G.J, Neill J.T ( 2010 ) . The Effect of â€Å" Green Exercise † On State Anxiety and The Role of Exercise Duration, Intensity, and Greenness: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2010 ; 11 ; 238-245 9. Perrino T, Mason C.A, Brown S.C, Szapocznik J ( 2009 ) . The Relationship Between Depressive Symptoms And Walking Among Latino Older Adults: A Longitudinal, Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis. Aging & A ; Mental Health, 14: 2, 211 – 219 10. Doyne, E. J. , Ossip-Klein, D. J. , Bowman, E. D. , Osborn, K. M. , McDougall-Wilson, I. B. , & A ; Neimayer, R. A. ( 1987 ) . Runing Versus Weight Lifting In the Treatment of Depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 748-754. 11. France, C. , Lee, C. , & A ; Powers, J. ( 2004 ) . Correlates of Depressive Symptoms in A Representative Sample Of Young Australian Women. Australian Psychologist, 39, 228-237. 13. Bryan A, Hutchison K.E, Seals D.R, & A ; Allen D.L ( 2007 ) . A Transdisciplinary Model Integrating Genetic, Physiological, and Psychological Correlates of Voluntary Exercise. Health Psychology, 26, ( 1 ) , 30-39 14. Brown W.J, Ford J.H, Burton N.W, Marshall A.L, Dobson A.J ( 2005 ) . Prospective Study of Physical Activity and Depressive Symptoms in Middle-Aged Women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2005 ; 29 ( 4 ) :265-272 15. Somers JM, Goldner EM, Waraich P, Hsu L ( 2006 ) Prevalence and Incidence Studies of Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Can J Psychiatry, 51:100-113 16. Waraich P, A Goldner EM, A Somers JM, A Hsu L ( 2005 ) Prevalence and Incidence Studies of Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review Of The Literature. Can J Psychiatry. 50 ( 9 ) :569-70. 17. Mutrie N, Faulkner G. ( 2003 ) Physical Activity and Mental Health. In: Everett T, Donaghy M, Fever S editor ( s ) . Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy in Mental Health: An Evidence Based Approach. London: Routledge,82-97. 18. Faulkner G, Taylor AH. Exercise, Health and Mental Health: Emerging Relationships between Physical Activity and Psychological Well-Being. 1st Edition. London: Routledge, 2005. 19. Altman DG, Bland JM. Detecting Lopsidedness from Drumhead Information. BMJ 1996 ; 313:1200. 20. Van Heuvelen MJ, Hochstenbach JB, Brouwer WH, de Greef MH, Scherder E ( 2006 ) Psychological and Physical Activity Training for Older Persons: Who Does Not Attend? Gerontology. 52, 6, 366-75 21. Carta MG, Hardoy MC, Pilu A, Sorba M, Floris AL, Mannu FA, Baum A, Cappai A, Velluti C, Salvi M ( 2008 ) Bettering Physical Quality Of Life With Group Physical Activity In The Adjunctive Treatment Of Major Depressive DisorderA , Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health. 4 22. Murphy TJ, Pagano RR, Marlatt GA ( 1986 ) Lifestyle Modification With Heavy Alcohol Drinkers: Effectss Of Aerobic Exercise And Meditation. Addictive Behaviors. 11, 2, 175-86 23. Merom D, Phongsavan P, Wagner R, Chey T, Marnane C, Steel Z, Silove D, Bauman A ( 2007 ) Promoting Walking As An Adjunct Intervention To Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy For Anxiety Disorders: A Pilot Group Randomized Trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 22 ; 959-968 24. Ng F, Dodd S, Berk M ( 2007 ) . The Effects of Physical Activity in the Acute Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: A Pilot Study. Journal of Affective Disorders.101 ; 259-262 25. Oeland AM, Laessoe U, Olesen AV, Jorgensen P ( 2010 ) Impact Of Exercise On Patients With Depression And Anxiety. Nord J Psychiatry. 64:210-217. 26. Kendzor DE, Dubbert PM, Olivier J, Businelle MS, Grothe KB ( 2008 ) The Influence Of Physical Activity On Alcohol Consumption Among Heavy Drinkers Participating In An Alcohol Treatment Intervention. Addictive Behaviors. 33 ; 1337-1343 27. Sinyor D, Brown T, Rostant L, Seraganian P ( 1982 ) The Role of a Physical Fitness Program in the Treatment of Alcoholism. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 43 ; 3. 28. Brown RA, Abrantes AM, Read JP, Marcus BH, Jakicic J, Strong DR, Oakley JR, Ramsey SE, Kahler CW, Stuart GL, Dubreuil ME, Gordon AA ( 2010 ) A Pilot Study Of Aerobic Exercise As An Adjunctive Treatment For Drug Dependence. Mental Health and Physical Activity. 3 ; 27-34 29. 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Reflections on Transgender Essay

Before going to the transgender workshop, I have already had a mindset of gender stereotype and I have never thought of accepting the sexual minorities like trans and homosexual people. I was raised in a traditional and conservative family that my parents showed me that a man should be the head of the family because he is the breadwinner so all family members have to rely on him. On the other hand, a woman should always listen to her husband and stay at home to serve her husband and take care of the children. Family is the primary socializing agent that I learn how a family functions by observational learning. Moreover, I was taught in school that how girls and boys should behave without questioning the reason why I should behave like that. The formal, informal and hidden curriculum in school shaped my thought about gender. For instance, boys should be active and girls should be quiet in class. Socialized by family and school for a long time, I internalized the gender stereotype made by the culture of society so I admitted that I had a closed-mind before. I now understand why students are inculcated with this kind of gender stereotype. It is because capitalists want to maintain their power and heterosexual domination in a patriarchy society so they labeled the minority as abnormal. According to the conflict theory of Karl Marx, the education systems produce the ideology of gender stereotype so as to maintain and legitimate the base created by capitalists who control the means of production. I have learned to think in a critical manner because many of our mindsets are shaped by society. We have to question whether they are rational before accepting those thoughts. After attending the transgender workshop, I had a brief understanding about what transgender is. Transgender means that people identify themselves as another sex different from their biological sex. Their gender identity and gender expression are different from their biological sex and gender role constructed by society. For example, some of them are male at birth but they id entify themselves as female. We called them MtF (male to female) and another type is called FtM (female to male). Mainly, trans people are divided into two groups, the Crossdresser, who like to dress up as a different sex and the Transexual, who have undergone sex reassignment surgery. From the sharing of two trans people, Fei (a MtF) and Siu Keung(a  FtM), I know that being a trans person is tough because he or she has to face a lot of difficulty in daily life such as being questioned by family and friends as well as being discriminated against in society that make them have low self-esteem. Like Fei, he discovered that he liked a boy when he was in Form 3 or 4 and then his classmates humiliated him so he hated himself very much at that time and he even tried to commit suicide. I can see that peer is another socializing agent that affects our mindset of who we are and what we are supposed to behave. If we violate the expected behavior of society, we will be regarded as freak and abnormal. In order not to be isolated or labeled as abnormal, we follow the main stream and hide the side that what we actually are. Also, I can see that only the hegemonic masculinity is being accepted among people through Fei’s experience. He was once invited to a themed party a nd he wore a dress to go to the party. However, his friends asked him not to wear dress to come again. Feminine masculinity is not acceptable. Everything has its diversity but people tend to divide things into binary opposition. The one who owns power decides which character is the â€Å"right† and normal one and the other is regarded as â€Å"wrong† and abnormal. It is obviously a power struggle. Trans gender people are leading a difficult life. In Hong Kong, there are approximately 200-300 trans people (Leung, 2012). Many of them are like Fei that they have to behave â€Å"normal† in front of other people and they could only be the true self when they are alone. Trans people will also consider their behaviors as abnormal or even consider themselves as a psychopathy. As many of them are reluctant to find help, they are in lack of people to share their feelings that make them feel lonely and helpless. Some of them many even hurt their reproductive organs or commit suicide. Apart from the lacking in mental support, the institution in Hong Kong doesn’t provid e enough support for trans people. Until now, there is no law to protect trans people, as they are not included in the Sex Discrimination Ordinance. Only those who are judged to have Gender Identity Disorder can be protected under Disability Discrimination Ordinance. (Leung, 2012) Yet, in the mean time, trans people are labeled as disable as well as having mental disorder, which is another kind of discrimination. Also, health care system in Hong Kong is not comprehensive enough for trans people. At present, there are only two hospitals, which are Prince of Wales Hospital and the sex clinic in Castle  Peak Hospital, that provide transgender medical diagnostic services so trans people have to wait about seven weeks to see the doctor (Medical services provided for Gender Identity Disorders patients, 2013). Knowing what tough situation that the trans people are facing, I feel sympathy for them and I will now show my respect to trans people. I used to think that the Crossdresser was abnormal and disgusting. Now, I question why women can dress like men but men cannot dress like women. It is unfair to men that they will be criticized and discriminated against if they dress like women. Also, the media uses language to derogate the Crossdresser such as calling them ladyboy â€Å"ä º ºÃ¥ ¦â€"â€Å". Like Fei, he likes wearing dress since he was small but he has tried to throw away all his dresses as his mother and girlfriends did not accept that. It is hard for him not to be the one he wanted to be and he had spent years being the one he hated. I will consider crossdressing as a hobby of trans people because they just spend time on something they like to do. Also, we should not criticize their act because it does not do any harm on other people. In addition to the Crossdresser, transsexual people have to master up their courage to undergo sex reassignment surgery as it is not as easy as we think. In fact, it is a long process. They have to first get a referral letter from doctors, social workers or psychologists and they must pass the two-year mental and psychological evaluation process including living as another sex for one year. Next, they can be defined as gender identity disorder. After that, they are referred to public hospital to undergo surgery. In fact it is dangerous for them to undergo sex reassignment surgery, especially the FtM people. There is a high risk of injury in penile reconstructive surgery and the success rate is low. Also, they have to take hormones. According to some medical studies, there will be some long-term side effects of taking female hormones. For example, the risk of having breast cancer will be higher and the load of the liver will be increased (Transgender handbook, 2012). I appreciate their determination that they would rather sacrifice their health in order to be their true selves. As Goffman said, gender is something that an individual actively do, we can choose to be a man or a woman, as we like. In this post-modern age, queer theory suggested that gender is fluid. A picture of the genderbread person shows that there are more than eighty combinations that an individual can be. For example, she can be a female but identifying herself as a man  and she can express herself as androgynous and bei ng a bisexual. I know that when we do not understand an issue clearly, we have no right to criticize it. After knowing what transgender is, I choose to respect. We should be open-minded to accept the existence of diversity of gender in society or at least we should respect so that we all can live in a society with harmony. I have a friend who is a bisexual. I was once reluctant to befriend him. But now, I always show him my support and I am willing to listen to his difficulties in daily life to help him release stress. Also, I realized that I do not need to do something to fulfill what society expects me to do as a girl. For example, I do not need to be tender; I do not need to have long legs, big breasts or a slim body to impress men. I just have to be myself, which is unique. Work cited 1.Leung , J.(2012). Gossip boys and girls[Brochure]. Hong Kong: Transgender Resource Center. 2.Medical services provided for Gender Identity Disorders patients. (2013, October 9). Retrieved from http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201310/09/P201310090465.htm3.Rainbow of Hong Kong. (2012). Transgender handbook[Brochure]. Retrieved from http://rainbowhk.org/tg/handbook-p.html

Integrated service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Integrated service - Essay Example The key workers can help in the improvement of home-school liaison so as to assist schools in the fulfilment of their statutory obligations. The child protection system provides a way in which the many agencies and professions work together to coordinate their work with children and families (Munro 2011: 52). For instance in the UK, children under five years are under the care of different professionals from different authorities. These authorities include local education authority, private nursery classes and schools and infant school classes. The various government departments, agencies and interest groups have their own different goals and aims, have different admission criteria, staffed with people with different training, different level of pay and different conditions of service, but they all work in their different capacities for the success of the education of the children. The different services are also of help to different groups of families and children. For instance, the parents of socially advantaged children, coming from disadvantaged backgrounds benefit from the services provided to their children. Thus is because the children have been over-represented in the local authority day nurseries, children’s centres as well as nursery schools. Inter-professional working is can also be well defined, drawing attention on the state sector. There have been important differences within the state sector in terms of the services provided. In most cases, day nurseries provide whole day care, and their administration is by staff having two years training. The state puts emphasis on the staff to provide proper social and emotional development for the children. The nursery classes and schools are mainly administered and staffed by education workers with qualifications in graduate teaching, and are often supported by nursery officers with

Victim of Servre Depessive Disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Victim of Servre Depessive Disorder - Essay Example Here, too, Betsy is ripe for succumbing to the availability heuristic on the easily remembered situation of her brother, and the recent data coming from her parents. Framing contributes to Betsy's anxiety because of the natural tendency of children to believe parents. "Framing is a process of selective control over media content or public communication"(Wikipedia.org, 2006). Probably without realizing it, Betsy's parents have exerted "selective control over media content" by not researching the facts further, thereby leaving Betsy with only two assumed facts; one, her brother suffers from severe depression; and two, there is a 40 percent chance she will also suffer from depression. The parents comment constitutes a "frame" that easily calls to mind the common mis-perception that depressive diseases are hereditary. When in fact, the list of causes determining depressive disorders is lengthy and complicated. Confirmation bias will add to Betsy's depressing conclusions because it is "a phenomenon wherein decision makers have been shown to actively seek out and assign more weight to evidence that confirms their hypothesis, and ignore or under-weigh evidence that could disconfirm their hypoth

Death sentence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Death sentence - Essay Example Secondly, criminologists have shown that people who commit capital crimes such as murder do it at the ‘heat of the moment.’ Such crimes are not premeditated, and are usually committed as a result of stress or the influence of alcohol or other drugs. In committing crimes, the criminals are not in a stable mind state. Therefore, previous executions do not help in stopping an individual from committing crime. Thirdly, research has shown that life imprisonment is a better alternative for deterring crime compared to the death sentence. Persons serving a life sentence operate in a certain routine and are not a threat to society. Therefore, the death sentence does not have an additional effect in deterring crime (Ruppin, 2012). Finally, history and research have shown that violence is a learnt behavior, and therefore regardless of the severity of the punishment offered, such crimes will still be committed. The death sentence cannot help in stopping a behavior that is common to a given society or group. In conclusion, there is no evidence to prove that the death penalty helps to reduce crime, and therefore should be abolished. Efforts should be directed towards solving social problems such as drug

Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr - Essay Example This threat was echoed in his closing remarks in a speech he delivered at Mason Temple. Martin was booked at Lorraine Motel, room number 306, in Memphis where he stayed most often with his entourage. Just before his assassination, King had last words with Ben Branch, a musician who was supposed to perform that night in the Motel; Luther King was expected to attend that performance. In his words, King requested Ben Branch to play a song ‘Take My Hand, Precious Lord’ pretty well. The following day, April 4, King was assassinated at 6.01 pm. He was standing on the second floor of the Motel’s balcony when a bullet entered his right cheek, smashed his jaw and moved down his spinal cord. King was rushed to St. Joseph Hospital and after an emergency surgery in the chest, he was pronounced dead at 7.05 pm. He died at 39 years old. This assassination resulted in a race riot nationwide. The cities such as Washington DC, Kansas, Baltimore and Louisville among other cities reported greater numbers of rioters. A number of famous and influential individual in the nation such as Robert F. Kennedy, James Farmer, and other leaders addressed gatherings and called for non-violent actions across the nation. Memphis city quickly ended the strike and settled on terms which were favorable for the sanitation employees. April 7 was declared a national mourning day for Luther King. United States president did not attend King’s funeral for fear of more riots and protest from the mourners, instead, the vice President Humphrey Hubert attended. The articles that describe this event are found in New York Times and BBC News. In New York Times, the article describes this event as a loss to many Negroes across the nation. In addition, it talks about Martin Luther Kings as a nonviolent leader to millions of Americans; his fight was against racial injustice in the nation.

SKILL DEVELOPMENT PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

SKILL DEVELOPMENT PAPER - Essay Example It does not necessarily mean valuing being different from others, but coming up with a variety of possible solutions to a problem and having the openness to try out ideas which others have not dared do before. Leadership skills are essential in taking one’s group to the right direction, sharing the same vision for the betterment of everyone in the company. It keeps the group grounded in the midst of a crisis. Effective communication skills are critical especially if I work in a multicultural environment. Apart from understanding the cultural backgrounds and communication styles of my co-workers, I also need to learn to read non-verbal communication. I also need to be able to express myself better so that I can efficiently deliver the message I want to convey to others. This would include learning negotiating skills which is not only vital in closing deals in business but in resolving any other conflict with other people. This leads to the final skill I want to hone, team-build ing skills which requires good interpersonal skills. It is inevitable that I deal with others in my future career, so I need to learn to establish harmonious relationships with them in order to develop team effectiveness. Improvement Area 1: Creativity Summary of Source 1: Notar, C. & Padgett, S. (2010) Of The Box Thinking†¦Is Thinking Outside The Box 21st Century Code For Imagination, Innovation, Creativity, Critical Thinking, Intuition?, College Student Journal, Jun2010 Part A, Vol. 44, Issue 2 A common phrase used referring to creativity is ‘thinking outside the box†. According to Notar & Padgett, very successful people never appear to have a â€Å"box† from which they operate. However, a box is something associated with something that confines one to a finite space. â€Å"Thinking outside the box† then means not thinking in a finite space but opening the minds out to infinite space with endless possibilities. Some attributes related to thinking out side the box as having a willingness to take new perspectives to day-to-day work. It also entails openness to do different things and to do things differently. Creative individuals focus on the value of finding new ideas and acting on them. They strive to create value in new ways. Although they already have great ideas in mind, they still enjoy listening to others due to their perennial search for better ideas. Summary of Source 2: Sternberg. R. J. (1996) Successful Intelligence: How Practical and Creative Intelligence Determine Success in Life. New York: Simon and Schuster. Sternberg proposes several aspects of interactions that might create or diminish the creative impulse. When faced with tasks that require creative thinking, teams may either work well together towards a solution or work better individually, depending on their creative thinking styles. Groups that compete against one another do much better than groups that compete within themselves. The team concept is stronger t han the survival of the fittest concept of competition. As well, when an employee feels that he will be evaluated for his creativity, the amount of innovation appears to diminish. Summary of Source 3: Fawcett, M. and Hay, P., (2004) 5x5x5=Creativity in the early years. Journal of Art & Design Education, Vol. 23, No. 3 In a study observing the effects of creative teaching and learning, the children were deeply involved in the learning and creative process. This was because the

Create a Security Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Create a Security Policy - Essay Example igital era, anything can be breeched even the most innocent must be subjected to a vetting process to ascertain the genuineness of the information and details they present for processing. To ensure that the McBride is successful, in processing these information, the key issue is to ensure that before the client is cleared to access the a loan, the firm is first aware of the clients loan status with any other institution if it exists, and whether he or she was able to service previous loans within the given time frames (IBM Redbooks. 2011). One of the security policies that will have to be put in place include the need for a guarantor, to ensure that the loan is secured. This information should also be verifiable for instance, if a client has a vehicle, with a genuine log book, that property should be verifiable with car registration agencies. The other security policy involves members and or clients who will want to seek for the same service online. Clients will be required to register themselves to create an account in which communications will be dropped at. While registering, the password to be used will be tamper proof one, thumbprints will be used to ward of any local threat to growth. The other aspect of security that will be used to ensure that the client taking the loan is able to pay back the full amount or lose the property is to be in possession of the title deed. The fact that McBride is the financier, means that it will be in the best interest of the business to be in possession of the title deed to ensure that incase the client fails to service the loan, the property will be repossessed with ease. The other most crucial security policy is that of conducting timely security audits to establish any areas of vulnerabilities that can be a setback to the mission of firm. For instance, the chance that someone can infiltrate the network and fill in dummy data that will legitimize his or her application for a loan and perhaps the number of times that has

Islamic banking system study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Islamic banking system study - Essay Example Britain is a country with an important position in the global market; in accordance with a recent report – based on the data available on the British economy – the British economy is considered to be the ‘the seventh largest economy in the world, with a per capita GDP of $30,900 in 2005’ (Forex Market resources, 2010). The development of the British economy is monitored by the country’s government but also by the Bank of England which ‘was founded in 1694, nationalized in 1946, and gained independence in 1997; the Bank of England is the central bank of the U.K.’ (Forex Market resources, 2010). The banking market in Britain has a decisive role in the development of the country’s economy – a phenomenon common in all countries internationally. Recently, in 2004, the country’s existing banking system – which can be characterized as Western – has been alternated; the main feature of this change has been the establishment in Britain of the Islamic Bank of Britain, the first bank of this type established in a Western country; the change of the characteristics of the British banking market was completed with the introduction of another bank that is based on the Sharia law, the European Islamic Investment Bank. Current paper focuses on the examination of the key features of Islamic banking business in Britain; the country’s banking market has been examined and the major competitors of this market are presented; at the next level, the key operational characteristics and the performance of Islamic banks in Britain are identified and critically analyzed. Islamic banking is reviewing and evaluated as a common form of banking in modern Britain – taking into consideration the fact that Islamic banking products are available also by British banks – referring to those banks based on the Western mode of banking. It is concluded that Islamic banking in Britain has many chances to achieve a further growth but it is necessary that measures are taken

Public Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

Public Law - Essay Example While the United Kingdom does not have a formal written and codified Constitution, there is an unwritten set of rules comprised of the Acts of Parliament, judicial decisions as well as political practices that form the basis of Constitutional practice within the U.K2. Parliament is sovereign, as articulated by Oxford Professor A.V. Dicey who stated that â€Å"in theory, Parliament has total power, it is sovereign† thereby it is the source of all valid authority.3 Therefore, there is no separation of powers in the U.K., Parliament has been deputed as the supreme authority to make the laws of the land, through the principle of Parliamentary Sovereignty. Further more the Human Rights Act of 1988 incorporated the goals of the European Convention of Human Rights3a within the framework of national law, by including a provision that Parliament legislation is to be interpreted and read in such a manner as to give effect to the goals of the Convention4, while the judiciary has also been given the power under the Act to declare Parliament legislation incompatible with Convention rights5.Wiithin the UK, the European Convention was not directly relevant to statutory interpretation6 until the introduction of the Human Rights Act of 1998.

Domestic Violence Against Men and Women Essay Example for Free

Domestic Violence Against Men and Women Essay Whenever the thought of domestic violence comes to mind, more than often the visual picture is a women or a child. However, there is another side that has been ignored because it is pushed under the rug. The unfortunate fact is that men are the victims of domestic violence at least as often as women are. While the very idea of men is being beaten by their wives or partners runs contrary to many of our deeply ingrained beliefs about men and women, female or male violence against men is a well-documented phenomenon almost completely ignored by both the media and society (Watson 2013). The majority of male victims do not report being abused because of the fear that people will not believe them. Men are also silent on the issue because of society’s automatic perception that men are physically stronger and should easily be able to overcome a female attacker. Countless stories tell of men who are physically abused by women calling the police only to be arrested themselves when the police arrive. One story tells of a man being driven to the hospital by the police after his wife struck him with a frying pan as he slept; the wife was not arrested. Many men who experience violence from their wives during marriage are advised not to bring up such incidents in their divorce proceedings because the court may consider it an act of violence against the wife. In these cases, perception takes center stage and allows women to get away with abuse while men pay the unjust consequences. The children isolate themselves, want go to school, lying to protect the family, acting out, even bed wetting. In the long run those children that are witnessing the violence can be come abusive themselves. A family under stress produces children under stress† (Ackerman Pickering1989). In America about 3 million children witness some type domestic violence. Children that witness domestic violence in the home are at risk of being battered themselves either by the batterer or by the victim. The long term effects of such violence can create a cycle that spans from generation to generation. Facts show 1 in 6 women and 1 in 33 men have experience an attempted or completed rape. Three women are killed by a current or former intimate partner each day in America, on average. Over 22 percent of women to 7. 4 percent of men reported being physically assaulted by a current or former partner in their lifetime. Women who were physically assaulted by an intimate partner averaged 6. 9 physical assaults per year, 37% of women seeking injury-related treatment in hospital emergency rooms were there because of injuries inflicted by a current or formal spouse/partner. Women are at an increased risk of harm shortly after separation from an abusive partner. As previously mentioned, the majority of statistics show that women are victims of domestic violence. However, here are some more facts according to the Domestic Violence against Men. It 100 domestic violence cases, 40% of these were against men, 60% against women. In a 1995 to 1996 study conducted by the U. S. Department of Justice (as published in 2000), out of 8,000 women 25% were subjected to domestic violence. Out of the 8,000 men 7. 5% were also victims of domestic violence. The same 1995 to 1996 study estimated that, annually, in the U. S. , about 1. 5 million women and around 830,000 men are victims of domestic violence. That’s almost a 2:1 ratio of women versus men who were subjected to domestic violence. †(Graham-Kevan, 2013). On the other hand, several conflicts destroy a relationship. The biggest conflicts that seem more widely publicized and always at the forefront are infidelity, poor financial handling, sex, children and abuse. Seemingly, abuse is something that is more tolerated and unmentioned as a code of silence on both sides of the relationship. According to (Tjaden, P Thoennes, N 1998) women are more likely to report abuse than men. Usually this is the case because the victim are too ashamed to mention the abuse, and unless either witnessed or displays visible signs of abuse it will be tolerated until the victim has had enough, or until death occurs. Guilt most often what keeps the victim, at the hands of their abuser, that internal turmoil that the victim goes through with leaving the since of feeling responsible, the feeling of leaving the relationship and the household, this alone is the underlying reasons behind not leaving, not wanting to separate the household. Self-blame can not be avoided for some of those who believe that they just have not done enough, the only thing that will help is time, distance and healing and too not get into another relationship until they are completely ready. It is estimated that about 3. 2 million men are victims of assault by their partner each year in the United States. However, most of these assaults are relatively minor, such as hitting, smacking, pushing, and shoving, others are much more serious. It has raised serious questions about â€Å"implementation of arrest policies, equivalency of intimate partner aggression across genders, and management of female domestic violence offenders. This study compares demographic characteristics, criminal history variables, and the past domestic violence history of men and women arrested for domestic assault against a heterosexual intimate partner. Using victim reported information and data collected by local criminal justice agencies, we found that female arrestees were significantly less likely than males to have histories that warrant concern regarding the potential for future violence. (Henning, K. , Feder, L. 2004, 19(2), 69-80). The warning signs to look for in domestic violence. Many of the signs women are taught to interpret as caring, attentive, and romantic are actually early warning signs f or future abuse. Here are some examples which includes constantly asks were you are going or were you at. Insists on you spend most of you time with cutting you off from family and friends. Accuses you of infidelity. Gets extremely anger when things do not go their way and speak negative of other women. With men there are no signs for them to follow the advice that I have is to watch for some of the same things that women look out for. Some may even result in homicide by the same partner. The main goal is to strengthen families through treatment, counseling and education; suggestions involved mandating intervention Programs for men and women, couples’ counseling, mediation, and judicial trainings, by implementing these helpful systems, it would be more effective towards the decrease of domestic abuse, and assist with repair of the mental capacity of the abused and the family in a whole. In most domestic violence issues it usually is a woman but has you can see men are also victims of domestic violence. Domestic violence could be even eradicated or all together dismissed. Society is beginning to realize that domestic violence is an increasingly growing issue and must continue to work towards implementing programs to decrease it within the home. Domestic violence is not a private matter, a couple’s matter, or a domestic squabble. It is the choice of the abuser. Domestic violence is a way for a person to control another person.

Essay on Human Resource Management in Kentucky Fried Chicken

Essay on Human Resource Management in Kentucky Fried Chicken Kentucky Fried Chicken is the largest fast food chicken operator, and franchiser in the world. Colonel Sanders has become a world-known figure by marketing his finger lickin good fried chicken. The restaurants cover a large percentage of the United States market in terms of sales. Every day, millions of diners are served at KFC, featuring the Colonels finger lickin good special recipe fried chicken. (About us) KFC knows that their employees are at the center of their success. Developing a successful employee training program and effective retention strategies will determine the success of the company and whether the company can deliver a more consistent customer experience. The KFC Corporation is based in Louisville, Kentucky and was founded by Harland Sanders in 1932. Sanders was born on a farm in Indiana in the 1890s. Following the death of his father in 1896, Sanders mother was forced to work two jobs to support the family. In order to help his mother, Sanders learned to cook for his brother and sister at the young age of six. By the age of fifteen he had worked a variety of jobs, including painter and railroad fireman. In 1920 Sanders opened a gas station in Corbin, Kentucky and he began to cook for his family and the occasional customer in a back room of the service station. It was then that he invented whats called home meal replacement selling complete meals to busy, time-strapped families. He called it, Sunday Dinner, Seven Days a Week' (Colonel Harland Sanders). Sanders enjoyed cooking the food his mother had taught him for travelers. Rather than coming in for service for their cars, people began coming in specifically for his food. Demand for his cooking rose and eventually he expanded his up and coming business by moving across the street to a facility with a restaurant, a motel, and a gas station. The restaurant was named Sanders Court Cafà © and was so successful that in 1935 the Governor granted Sanders the title of honorable Kentucky Colonel in recognition of his contribution to the states cuisine. (KFC Corporation) Colonel Sanders was always experimenting with his food at his restaurant. He originally prepared his chicken in an iron skillet, which took an average of thirty minutes to do, which was to long for restaurant operations. During the late 1930s the Colonel went to a demonstration of a new gizmo, the pressure cooker. He purchased a pressure cooker and made a few adjustments. After a lot of experimenting with cooking time, pressure, shortening temperature and level, Eureka! The Colonel had found a way to fry chicken quickly, under pressure, and come out with the best chicken hed ever tasted, and what weve come to know as Kentucky Fried Chicken was born (The pressure cooker). On a daily basis more than twelve million diners visit a KFC restaurant on 109 countries and territories around the world. (About us) KFCs product specialty is fried chicken that is served in various forms and is made with the Original Recipe. KFC standards for quality start with the use of the famous bucket. The paper bucket is used for its large sized orders and helps to keep the chicken crispy by wicking away moisture. The Original Recipe, which remains a trade secret, is made from a blend of eleven herbs and spices that Colonel Sanders was able to perfect. Portions of the secret recipe are mixed in different parts of the United States but the complete hand written copy is kept in a vault at the corporate headquarters. Nutrition has been a big concern for KFC because its main products are fried. In recent years KFC has made changes and now offers a variety of menu items that are low in fat for customers that prefer lower calorie choices. To assist customers, KFC has posted a nutrition guide on their website providing customers detailed information about their ingredient choices and nutrition values. They have al so introduced grilled items that offer fewer fat grams and less sodium than the Original Recipe, all without sacrificing the great taste of KFC products. (Nutrition) KFCs training and development strategies focus on effective management and building customer relations, as well as providing high quality products, and maintaining cleanliness of their restaurant. In the beginning, the companys strategies were not very successful. The company has made changes to its strategy by focusing on giving more career opportunities for people related to business, management, and other professional area of study. The principle development and training strategies are as follows: 1) Urge the employees to get closer to the customer by adopting a very friendly behavior to them to make decisions from market back. So the first principle is to create the customer focus goal. 2) The firm also keeps in touch with the latest trends and changing technological innovations for its market and to keep a continuous change as a way of life. Adding new ideas and taste in its meals, making more deals for attracting the customers and many other small policies are adopted for this purpose. 3) Market orientation was another area of priority by the management team to generate extra effectiveness in the global market. A friendly atmosphere with the customers is very important to give them confidence for putting their suggestions in the suggestion box for getting an idea of the likes and dislikes of their valuable customers. 4) The management team communicates very effectively and learns how to create an innovative atmosphere and a better understanding with the various cultures of the globe. As people belonging in different areas and cultures have different taste. So the main principle here is not to create a strong uniform brand image but also to serve the best interest of different customers in different locations. 5) Making a market plan and providing effective training to the employees is also an important strategy for the development of the corporation in overseas locations. While training and educating the employees, human resource planning, reward system and cultural definitions were given for international operations to the management team, which further hired and trained new staff from the local countries where the new branch is to establish. This also improves international political economic relations as opening new markets in outside country and ensuring new jobs facilities for the nationals of that country played a very important role in building customer relations and getting into the cultural taste of the natives. (Training and Development Strategies) Historically, the fast food industry has not been seen as the most effective way to build a career, especially for those individuals that are starting at the bottom of the ladder. KFC is working hard to overcome this perception. During the late 1990s, KFC launched a new employee incentive program as part of a three million dollar reorganization of its corporate field operations. The program was intended to show general managers that they play an essential role in the success or failure of KFC. The managers were taken to the corporate headquarters for three days of meetings and seminars. The company believed that a great way to develop great teams is to focus on the restaurant leaders. The changes stemmed from a survey that was conducted and revealed that managers wanted more support from corporate headquarters, they want to know that they are valued' (KFC initiates). The new program emphasized on developing a closer relationship with individual stores and a stronger focus on training and hiring practices, all with the intent of providing better customer service and a better working environment that will reduce turnovers. Jackie Trujillo, chairman of Harman Management, said, They are right on target, if you are going to succeed in this industry, you have got to get people to buy into the program, because who waits on customers? Where does everything happen? If you dont have everybody buying into that, youre not going to make everyone happy' (KFC initiates). For 2010, KFC has again refocused its corporate goals and is now putting special efforts on making their employees feel valued. This is apparent in the way employees treat each other, and is also accomplished through the companys reward package. The program offers all employees bonuses through a variety of schemes. The employees are rated in two performance measures, customer satisfaction and operational basics. The bonuses are also based on sales made as a restaurant and are paid in form of retail vouchers, with some vouchers valued at over $400.00 per employee each quarter. The bonuses are meant to create energy and encourage employee engagement with the goals of the restaurant. Managers and senior staffs can also earn cash bonuses depending on how they score on a balance scorecard. Misty Reich, vice-president HR at KFC UK and Ireland, says: the aim is to use the bonuses to create an ownership mentality among KFC employees (KFC keeps staff). KFC also considers career progression wi thin the company to depend on the bonuses offered. By conducting in-depth review of the restaurants staffs twice a year, the company can decide which of them has the ability to move forward in the organization. (KFC keeps staff) In order to generate profits and achieve long term success, businesses need to build a workplace that attracts, engages, and retains the best employees. A company culture describes how an employee thinks and feels about the company. It effects how employees respond and handle themselves in the work place. At KFC the company culture is a result of the companys vision and values. Our aim is to put a smile on peoples faces around the world and gives every customer a special experience on each occasion (Human resources). These values are as follows: 1) Believe in all people: We trust in positive intentions and believe everyone has the potential to make a difference. We actively seek diversity in others to expand our thinking and make the best decision. We coach and support every individual to grow to their full capability. 2) We are customer maniacs: Customers rule. Every customer sees it, feels it and knows it in every restaurant. We make sure we have great Restaurant General Managers who build great teams. 100% CHAMPS with a Yes Attitude is the expectation. 3) Go for breakthrough: We begin by asking ourselves What can I do NOW to get breakthrough results in my piece of Yum! Our intentionality drives step change thinking. We imagine how big something can be and work future-back, going full out with positive energy and personal accountability to make it happen. 4) Build know how: We grow by being avid learners, pursuing knowledge and best practice inside and outside our company. We seek truth over harmony every step of the way. We consistently drive outstanding execution by scaling our learning into process and tools around what matters most. Breakthroughs come when we get people with knowledge thinking creatively. 5) Take the hill teamwork: We team together to drive action versus activity. We discuss the un-discussable, always promoting healthy debate and healthy decisions. Our relationships allow us to ask the earth of each other. We make specific verbal contracts to get big things done with urgency and excellence. 6) Recognize! Recognize! Recognize: We attract and retain the best people and inspire greatness by being world famous for recognition. We love celebrating the achievement of others and have lots of fun doing it! (Human resources) Building employee capability is an important strategy at KFC. A company is only as good as its employees and KFC believes that their employees should be rewarded for the dedication and large portions of their lives they invest into the company. At KFC all employees receive initial training which covers food safety, business familiarization and online testing. The elements of the training are web based and virtual reality classrooms that are used to develop champions. After commencing employment team members continue to further their training through a program called CHAMPS. CHAMPS stand for the six universal areas of customer expectations: Cleanliness, Hospitality, Accuracy, Maintenance, Product quality, and Speed. The training is both face to face and web based. The web based program provides consistent and up-to-date information. The face to face program provides opportunity for cross-training within the restaurant so that employees continue to develop new skills. The blended train ing is estimated to require 41% less hours per learner than in-restaurant training programs. (Human resources) KFC has grown to be the largest quick service restaurant and has been proven to be a successful business enterprise with more than 11,000 restaurants in 109 countries around the world. (About us) KFC understand that their employees are at the center of their success. Through structured employee training and effective retention strategies the company can deliver a more consistent customer experience. The training, development, and retention of the right people are the key ingredients to the secret recipe that result in the long term success of KFC.

Rate of Diffusion of Potassium permanganate, Potassium dichromate, and Methylene blue1

Rate of Diffusion of Potassium permanganate, Potassium dichromate, and Methylene blue1 1 The Effect of Molecular Weight and Time on the Rate of Diffusion of Potassium permanganate, Potassium dichromate, and Methylene blue1 scientific paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in General Biology I laboratory under Prof. Diana Rose Gonzales, 1st sem., 2013 2014 _ 2 ABSTRACT The effect of molecular weight and time on the rate of diffusion of potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, and methylene blue was tested using a petri dish of agar water gel with three wells. The three substances were dropped simultaneously in the petri dish. Potassium permanganate (MW 158g/mole) increased rapidly (14.50 mm) while Methylene blue (MW 374 g/mole) gradually increased (9.50 mm) only. Thus, molecular weight and time affects the rate of diffusion. INTRODUCTION Diffusion is a movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. The particles will fuse when they are evenly distributed and have reached equilibrium. Potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, and methylene blue are substances used as indicators and oxidizing agents. Potassium permanganate is used in organic compounds and used commercially to purify water and sanitizer. It is chemically used to regulate certain reducing compounds. Potassium dichromate is used to determine ethanol concentrations in solutions and determine the presence and purity of silver. Researches also suggest that potassium dichromate functions as an agent that cause genetic mutation against DNA repair deficient strains of Escherichia coli. Lastly, methylene blue is used as dye to identify bacteria and nucleic acids. The dye will have the deepest shade of blue when in contact with acids. As indicators and oxidizing agents, the substances stated above must prove that their diffusion must be fast in order to do their functions. Due to their difference in molecular weight, a test was conducted to prove what substance is more recommendable _ 3 to be used in getting the rate of diffusion. To further verify the experiment rate of diffusion was also tested with time. To test this, agar water gel is one of the materials was used. Agar water gel is a substance that functions as a thickener, stabilizer, and emulsifier since it do not melt at room temperature until it is heated to 85oC and more. Also, with a stopwatch the substances were measured (mm) at a regular three minute interval for thirty minutes. The study aims to determine the effect of molecular weight and time on the rate diffusion of potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, and methylene blue. The specific objectives are 1. to prove that molecular weight affects the rate of diffusion; and 2. to explain why molecular weight must also be observed with time MATERIALS AND METHODS In testing the effect of molecular weight and time on the rate of diffusion of potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, and methylene blue, agar water gel was used. Three bottles with dropper containing the substances and a petri dish with agar water gel were given to each group. As three members of the group dropped all substances together in the wells of the agar water gel, the stopwatch started simultaneously with it. One member measured each wells of the agar water gel with a ruler to get the initial measurement (mm) of the wells. The group then drew the initial appearance of the experiment (Figure 4.1.). One member was assigned to signal the group if three minutes have passed and the member of the group who is assigned to _ 4 measure the wells will immediately but carefully measure the area with the ruler. There was a regular three minute interval for thirty minutes. After thirty minutes, the group then drew the final appearance of the experiment Figure 4.2. Also, the group computed for the average of the substances by adding all the data that were gathered divided by number of time intervals. To test the effect of time on the rate of diffusion the data gathered were computed by partial rate. Partial rate is computed by subtracting the diameter of colored area immediately (di-1) before the diameter of colored area at a given time (d1) divided by the time when d1 was measured (t1) minus the time immediately before t1 (ti 1). Again, the average of each substances were computed by adding all the date divided by the number of time intervals. A graph comparing the average rate of diffusion of each substance was plotted against its molecular weight in Figure 4.3. Also, a graph comparing the partial rate of diffusion of each substance was plotted against the time elapsed in Figure 4.4 _ 5 Potassium dichromate Methylene blue Potassium permanganate Figure 4.1. Initial appearance of the substances in the agar water gel wells. Potassium dichromate Methylene blue Potassium permanganate Figure 4.2. Final appearance of the substances in the agar water gel wells. _ 6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS As seen in Table 4.2, potassium permanganate (MW 158 g/mole) has the highest average rate of diffusion with 11.32 mm/min, followed by potassium dichromate (MW 294 g/mole) with 10.86 mm/min, and methylene blue (MW 374 g/mole) with 7.95 mm/min. In Table 4.3, potassium permanganate has the highest partial rates of diffusion with 0.35 mm/min, followed by potassium dichromate with 0.32 mm/min, and methylene blue with 0.19 mm/min. This results shows that molecular weight has an effect in the rate of diffusion. When the molecular weight is lower then the rate of diffusion will be higher meaning they have an indirect relationship. Also, with time the rate of diffusion of the substances decreased, meaning time and the rate of diffusion has an indirect relationship. _ 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The effect of molecular weight and time on the rate of diffusion of potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, and methylene blue was determined. Each substance was dropped simultaneously with each other into the petri dish with agar water gel. With a stopwatch the time was observed with an interval of three minuets in thirty minutes. After thirty minutes, the average of the circumference and the partial rates of diffusion were computed. Results showed that potassium permanganate (MW 158 g/mole) which has the least molecular weight had the highest average rate of diffusion compared to methylene blue (MW 374 g/mole), which has the greatest molecular weight among the three. In time, the circumference (mm/min) of each substance increased since there was diffusion in the agar water gel wells. Hence, molecular weight and time has an effect in the increase, decrease, slowness, and fastness of the diffusion of substances. Nevertheless, further experimentation must be done to improve the results of the experiment. It is recommended to use other substances, a different medium other than the agar water gel, a longer time period to test the diffusion, a more stable environment, and have more trials to observe better results. _ 11 LITERATURE CITED Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 12th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1979; p 9:4-9:94. Ebbing, Darrell D. General Chemistry 3rd ed.; Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, MA, 1990; p 137. Andrew Mills, David Hazafy, John A. Parkinson, Tell Tuttle and Michael G. Hutchings The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 2009, 113 (34), 9575-9576 Chongmok Lee, Yoo Wha Sung, and Joon Woo ParkThe Journal of Physical Chemistry B1999, 103 (5), 893-898 _

Atomic Bombs :: Bombs History Essays

Atomic Bombs Today, bombs are a part of life. People hear about bomb explosions, or a story related to bombs, almost daily. No one is really in harm today because of the strict regulation of bombs. The United States government as well as many governments all over the world have limited the use of bombs. Since the atomic bomb was introduced, the only thing that the world has been able to relate to it is destruction. This, of course, is due a great deal to World War II. The â€Å"famous† bomb that was dropped in Japan was the straw that broke the camel’s back. There is a plethora of information on the negative effects of the A-bomb and topics that relate to the atomic bomb: its origins, its effects on the environment, and its effects on humans. First of all, a brief outline of nuclear history can tie up loose ends of the life of radiation. In 1789, Martin Klaproth discovered uranium. Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895. One year later, Henri Becquerel, a French scientist, discovered that some atoms give off energy in form of rays; uranium gives off radiation. In 1899, Ernest Rutherford concludes that radiation can be divided into two types, alpha and beta rays. One year later, Pierre Curie observes another type of radiation, the gamma ray. In 1905, the first food irradiation patents are issued in the U.S. and Europe. This is a method for processing foods by treating them with radiation. (It does not make the food radioactive.) This time line shows how quickly radiation came to be in relation to uranium to the effects of the radiation it gives off. This is an important idea to note because it forecasts the speed at which the atomic bomb was later created. The scientific development surrounding the A-bomb has been a pivotal point in the world’s history, launching the world into the Atomic Age. The discovery of the nuclear atom dates back to 1911, but its potential power was not realized until the late 1930’s. Both the idea and study of atoms as a weapon originated in Germany. Albert Einstein even had knowledge of atomic weapons. He wrote a letter to President Roosevelt to inform him of the potential power of them.

Gender Roles and Stereotypes Explored in Judy Manns The Difference and

Gender Roles and Stereotypes Explored in Judy Mann's The The Difference: Growing Up Female in America and Bernard Lefkowitz's Our Guys Gender stereotypes are common in the United States today, even though many men and women have been working hard to defeat it. The task is made difficult however, when society in general implants the idea of gender roles into the mind of a child. Two authors, Judy Mann of The Difference and Bernard Lefkowitz of Our Guys face the issue of gender roles and stereotypes, and how they affect our lives today. Our Guys focuses on the way that young boys are brought up by society by telling the true story of a group of Glen Ridge, New Jersey teenage boys who sexually assaulted a young retarded girl. Neither the boys nor the townspeople saw what they did as wrong, and tried everything in their power to get them acquitted. They were however, fighting for the wrong cause. It was the boys’ parents and society itself that gave the teens the illusion that they, as males, should be given free range and power over those weaker than themselves. From the time these boys in question were born, their parents and their environment (including the composition of their nuclear families, i.e. ratio of males to females) made them kings. They were privileged teens and the fact that they were male made them even more so. All the ‘jocks’ involved were angels in their mothers’ eyes, who was in most cases, the only female influence in their lives and not a very good one at that (1 35). The Glen Ridge boys, affectionately known to their peers as "our guys", were brought up as stereotypical boys, worsened by the "boys will be boys" attitude adopted by their parents, teachers and neighbors (Lefkowitz, 73). This ... ...only accepted stereotypes are not based in reality at all, and that these stereotypes are harmful to everyone, not just the victims of being typecast. This conclusion is correct in all senses. Judy Mann’s book shows that the only real difference between men and women are their reproductive organs (24). Many professionals support this fact, but not society. Bernard Lefkowitz’s retelling of what happened to the young girl in Glen Ridge, New Jersey shows that believing that women are inferior can have terrifying repercussions. Society’s perception of people and the practice of labeling based on gender must be eliminated in order for women and men to live equally. These books simply help to make more people aware of the problem, which is only part of the solution. Works Cited Mann, Judy. The Difference: Growing up Female in America. New York: Warner, 1994.